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(1894) Dodge, F. S.; Alexander, W. D. (William De Witt), 1833-1913; Norris Peters Co. (Lithographer)
The Efficacy of Vermicompost in Optimizing Water Quality and Plankton Production in Cemented Aquaculture Ponds
(2025) Kebede, Wondwosen D.; Natarajan, Pavanasam; Worku, Shiferaw
Aquaculture is vital for global food security, yet cemented ponds often face challenges related to poor water quality and low natural productivity owing to the absence of bottom soil. This study investigates the use of vermicompost, a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer, to enhance water quality and increase plankton production in aquaculture systems. The experimental design involved four cemented tanks: a control (Without fertilizer) and three treatments with varying vermicompost application rates (5,000, 10,000, and 15,000 kg/ha/yr). Assessments of water quality parameters—including dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonia levels—were conducted, along with sampling of plankton abundance and species composition. Results indicated improvements in water quality, particularly in DO levels, with the highest rates observed in the treatment receiving 15,000 kg/ha/yr vermicompost. Additionally, plankton diversity (Diversity index) and abundance increased with higher vermicompost applications, notably enhancing phytoplankton groups, particularly Chlorophyta, while maintaining stable zooplankton populations. These findings suggest that vermicompost is a promising sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers, effectively improving water quality and fostering a healthier aquatic ecosystem, thereby supporting aquaculture productivity. Future research should explore the long-term effects of vermicompost in various aquaculture settings.
Hesperetin inhibits Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus replication by reducing mitochondrial apoptosis in EPC cells
(2025) Ma, Yu-Zhen; Sun, Shuang-Shuang; Ma, Shi-Wei; Zhou, Guang-Zhou
Hesperetin is one of the natural dihydroflavonoid widely extracted from various plants, and a large number of studies have demonstrated that hesperetin has a wide range of biological activities. In this study, we explored its antiviral function against Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV), one strain of important fish viral viruses, resulting in multiple transmissions and devastating damage in aquaculture. Experiments were performed to confirm that hesperetin could effectively delay the occurrence of cytopathic effects (CPEs) in epithelioma papulosum cyprinid cells (EPC), and inhibit SCRV replication by microscopy observation and viral titer assay, respectively. Time-of-addition assay showed that the best inhibitory effect of hesperetin was achieved by blocking SCRV invasion into cells. In addition, qRT-PCR and western blot analysis confirmed that hesperetin could significantly inhibit the expression of SCRV nucleoprotein. Flow cytometry analysis showed that hesperetin could reduce SCRV-inducing apoptosis of EPC cells after annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and immunofluorence microscopy observation after JC-1 incubation. Down-regulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 enzymatic activity after hesperetin treatment indicated that it might protect cells from SCRV infection by decreasing mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis in infected cells. After hesperetin treatment, a decrease in ROS and an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in SCRV-infected EPC cells further confirmed the inhibition of the apoptotic pathway mediated by hesperetin. Thus, our present study indicated that hesperetin possessed antiviral ability against SCRV, suggesting its candidate role for potential effective control of fish rhabdovirus spreading.
Non-fishmeal based, and Selected Indigenous Raw Materials as Cost-Effective Feeds for Milkfish Aquaculture
(2025) Macusi, Edison D.; Sales, Anthony C.; Vender, Kate E.; Jimenez, Edward M.; Bongas, Henzel P.; Macusi, Erna S.; Andam, Michael B.
This study aimed to find alternative feeds or supplementary feeds that can perform similarly to the existing commercial feeds thereby reducing farmer expense and cutting down their cost of production and increasing their profitability on Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskål, 1775) aquaculture. The formulations for the study included four grow-out treatments mainly: control (commercial feed), taro+control (powdered Colocasia esculenta+commercial fish feed), bloodmeal (formulated fish feed based on bloodmeal), banana stem+control (chopped banana stem+commercial fish feed). The result of the study showed no significant differences between feed treatments from the 6^th^ week onwards, whether with weight (MS=0.130, df=3, F=1.14, p=0.333) or total length of the treatments (MS=0.008, df=3, F=0.40, p=0.75). The FCR ratio showed bloodmeal (1.60) as the lowest, followed by the control (1.65), and taro+commercial (1.71), and then banana stem+commercial (2.18). In terms of weight gain, fish from the bloodmeal treatment gained the highest (236.97 g), followed by control (223.33 g), then taro (217.67 g), and banana stem (196.99 g). As a result, we find that any of the tested treatments can serve as an alternative feed to using purely commercial fish feeds. Cost-benefit analysis showed that a better gross profit margin of 42% and cost-benefit ratio of 1.37 was observed in taro+commercial feed diet. The experiment showed that the taro, Blood meal, and banana stem can be used as an alternative feed component for sustainable milkfish farming.
Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on growth performances, non-specific immunity and digestive enzyme activity of dongtingking crucian carp（Carassius auratus indigentiaus）
(2025) Ding, Cheng; Xia, Hu; Gong, Yanan; Zhang, Yunsheng; Ning, Yan; Fang, Yixing; Chen, Fuyan; Bu, Jianchao; Yu, Jia; Xiang, Guangqing; Huang, Jiezhen; Yang, Pinhong
This study investigates the effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine (CCHM) on growth performances, antioxidation activities, immune-related enzymes, and digestive enzymes of dongtingking crucian carp (Carassius auratus indigentiaus). Lycium barbarum L., Panax ginseng C.A. Mey, Astragalus membranaceus and Phragmites communis Trin were ground and prepared into CCHM at the ratio of 4.5:3:1.5:1. The one-factor experiments were designed, in which different gradients of CCHM (0%, 1%, 2% and 4%) were added to basal feeds for C. auratus indigentiaus, which were fed for 90 d. The weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) in the experimental groups with CCHM addition were significantly higher than those of the control group (0%, without CCHM), the feed coefficient (FCR) was significantly lower in the experimental groups compared to the control group. In the experimental group with 4% of CCHM, WGR, and SGR of C. auratus indigentiaus were the highest (73.87±7.20 % and 0.63±0.15 %, respectively), while the FCR was the lowest (0.24±0.07 %). In the experimental group with 1% CCHM, the spleen index (SPI) increased significantly. However, the SPI of experimental groups, with 2% and 4% CCHM, showed no significant difference from that of the control group. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) of both experimental groups, with 2% and 4% of CCHM, was lower than that of the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the experimental group, which had 1% CCHM, and the control group. Activities of immune-related enzymes like lysozyme, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in the experimental groups with 1%, 2%, and 4% of CCHM were all higher than those of the control group. The lysozyme activity reached the highest in the experimental group with 1% of CCHM, the alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity reached the peak in the experimental group with 2% of CCHM, and the acid phosphatase activity reached the highest in the experimental group with 2% of CCHM. Activities of antioxidant-related enzymes like catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in C. auratus indigentiaus were all higher than those of the control group and reached the highest in the experimental group with 1% of CCHM. The total superoxide dismutase activity was highest in the experimental group with 4% of CCHM. Activities of intestinal digestive enzymes such as lipase, amylase, and trypsin in the experimental groups with 1%, 2%, and 4% of CCHM were higher than in the control group. Specifically, lipase and amylase activities were highest in the experimental group, with 1% of CCHM. In comparison, trypsin activity reaches the highest in the experimental group with 4% of CCHM. The results of this study show that adding CCHM into feed can increase the activity of immune-related enzymes and antioxidant-related enzymes in the serum of C. auratus indigentiaus, improve the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, and promote growth. The appropriate CCHM content in basal feed for C. auratus indigentiaus is 1%.