The current situation and sustainable development of <em>Penaeus monodon</em> in South China: A Review

Abstract

The three provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, and Guangxi in South China are the primary production areas for <em>Penaeus monodon</em> aquaculture. The combined coastline of these three provinces spans 7,552.74 kilometers, accounting for 23.60% of China,s total coastline length. Compared to Southeast Asia and India, where <em>P. monodon</em> farming is declining due to disease outbreaks and competition with <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>, South China remains a key producer by leveraging intensive pond systems and government-supported breeding programs. In 2022, the aquaculture production of <em>P. monodon</em> in these provinces reached 91,200 metric tons, representing 79.79% of the national total; by 2023, this figure increased to 104,200 metric tons, comprising 81.12% of the national output. Currently, the aquaculture area for <em>P. monodon</em> in South China spans approximately 300,000 mu (about 20,000 hectares), with 50,000 mu (about 3,333 hectares) dedicated to high-level pond systems. Statistics indicate that the <em>P. monodon</em> industry supports employment for over one million residents across these provinces. Consequently, the sustainable development of <em>P. monodon</em> aquaculture is critical to both the economic growth and livelihoods of South China. However, the industry faces challenges such as frequent disease outbreaks, low-quality seedling rates, and high farming risks. To investigate the current status, existing issues, and sustainability of <em>P. monodon</em> aquaculture, this study was conducted. It aims to provide a concise overview of the <em>P. monodon</em> industry in South China and offer reference for policy formulation by global aquaculture sectors and relevant government agencies.