Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society JSEALS 19.1 (2026): li-lxxxiii Data/Notes Article ISSN: 1836-6821 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21313/10524/52554 University of Hawai‘i Press THE PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF KRI PHOONG IN VIETNAM AND AN EXTENSIVE GLOSSARY NGUYỄN Hữu Hoành1 VŨ Thị Hải Hà BÙI Thị Ngọc Anh School of Languages and Tourism, Hanoi University of Industry Institute of Linguistics, Vietnam Academy of Social Science Institute of Linguistics, Vietnam Academy of Social Science nhhoanh2004@gmail.com haihavu28@gmail.com buithingocanhvtd@gmail.com Abstract The Kri Phoong language (also known as Kha Phong, Coi, and Kri) is a minority language belonging to the Vietic group within the Austroasiatic language family. Kri Phoong is distributed in Vietnam and Laos, where it is simply called Kri. From a synchronic perspective, Kri in Laos has been described quite thoroughly in the phonological description and sketch grammar of Kri, a Vietic language of Laos (Enfield and Diffloth 2009), but the Kri Phoong language in Vietnam has not been described. This article will present its phonetic-phonological system and introduce 1,000 lexical items of Kri Phoong in Vietnam. The results of our research show that Kri Phoong in Vietnam is a sesquisyllabic, tonal language. The presence of tones is the most noteworthy difference between the Kri Phoong language in Vietnam and the Kri language in Laos, which lacks tones. Keywords: Kri Phoong language, phonology, lexicon, Vietic ISO 639-3: aem 1 Introduction According to the List of Ethnic Groups in Vietnam (issued under Decision No. 121-TCTK/PPCĐ dated March 2, 1979), the Kri Phoong people are considered part of the Ma Lieng local group, which belongs to the Chut ethnic group (the Chut ethnic group includes the local groups: Ruc, May, Sach, Arem, and Ma Lieng) (Ủy ban Dân tộc - Tổng cục Thống kê [Ethnic Committee - General Statistics Office] 2020). Kri Phoong [kri⁴⁴ pʰɔŋ⁴²ˀ] is their self-designation. Besides this self-designation, the Kri Phoong people are also known by other names such as Kha Phoong, Coi, and Coi Giang. In Laos, they refer to themselves as Kri (Enfield and Diffloth 2009; Chamberlain 2018). Nowadays, in Vietnam, there are nearly 60 Kri Phoong people living in Giang village, Huong Vinh commune, Huong Khe district, Ha Tinh province - a highland area located along the Vietnam-Laos border, about 60 km east of Ha Tinh city. Many Kri Phoong people here confirm that they have close relations with the Kri people in Tong commune, Nakai district, Kham Muon province, Laos. The Kri Phoong are multilingual residents, with adults being able to speak Kri Phoong, Vietnamese, Sek, So, and Lao. Linguistically, Kri Phoong is an independent member of the Vietic branch, within the Mon-Khmer subfamily of the Austroasiatic language family (Enfield and Diffloth 2009; Nguyễn 2013; Chamberlain 2018; Sidwell and Alves 2021). In linguistic research, the Kri Phoong language is often mentioned when discussing the history of the Vietic language group (Chamberlain 2018; Ferlus 1996; Nguyễn 2022; Sidwell and Alves 2021). For instance, in their most recently published work, when carrying out the classification of the Vietic branch languages, the position of the Kri Phoong language (which the authors refer to as Kri) was determined by Sidwell and Alves (2021) as in Figure 1. Figure 1: Vietic classification by Sidwell and Alves (2021:183) However, there has been little study of the Kri Phoong language. The most noteworthy work is the article Phonology and sketch grammar of Kri, a Vietic language of Laos by Enfield and Diffloth (2009). In this study, the authors provided a fairly detailed description of the segmental components (initial consonants, vowels, final consonants) as well as the terminance and register of the main syllable. Based on the authors’ description, we observe that the Kri Phoong language in Vietnam exhibits several differences from the Kri language in Laos. For instance, while Kri in Laos is a non-tonal language, Kri Phoong in Vietnam is a tonal language. This article will describe the phonological system of the Kri Phoong language in Huong Vinh commune, Hương Khe district, Ha Tinh province [Vietnam]. We hope that this documentation of the Kri Phoong phonological system can in some way help to preserve the language, and we hope that the information can be used to explore the phonological history of Vietic languages. This may also serve as the foundation for additional research on the syntax of Kri Phoong, which has not yet been undertaken. 2 Data and Research Methodology The Kri Phoong language data used for the description in this article comprises two wordlists. The first wordlist contains 770 entries, collected in March 1999, while the second wordlist contains 1,000 entries, collected in August 2019. We directly investigated both data sources in Huong Vinh commune, Huong Khe district, Ha Tinh province, shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Map of the geographical location of Hương Vĩnh commune in Hương Khê district, Hà Tĩnh. The investigation site is the marked area (https://meeymap.com/tin-tuc/ban-do-huyen-huong-khe-ha-tinh). Three collaborators provided data for the wordlists. Their information is provided in Table 1. Table 1: Information on Collaborators Full name Year of birth Location of birth Year of consultation Ho Thi Nang 1933 Giang hamlet, Huong Vinh commune, Huong Khe district, Ha Tinh province 1999 Ho Van Son 1957 Giang hamlet, Huong Vinh commune, Huong Khe district, Ha Tinh province 2019 Ho Van Viet 1963 Giang hamlet, Huong Vinh commune, Huong Khe district, Ha Tinh province 2019 The collaborators were recorded in a quiet room at the field site. During the recording process, we requested the collaborators to pronounce words naturally, as they would in normal communication. The recorded samples were digitized on a laptop. The two wordlists were transcribed phonetically directly at the fieldwork and recorded using a Zoom H2 recorder, processed according to the recording template of 22,000 Hz, 16 bit, Mono, in Wav format. The description of the phonetic system characteristics of the Kri Phoong language is based on auditory perceptions combined with the assistance of voice analysis programs PRAAT and SA. Regarding the tonal system, the pitch (F0) of the tones is measured in Hertz (Hz) and determined using a 5-level scale: level 5 (highest pitch), level 4 (relatively high pitch), level 3 (medium pitch), level 2 (slightly low pitch), and level 1 (lowest pitch). The time of pronunciation (length) of the tones was measured in milliseconds (ms). 3 The Phonological System of Kri Phoong 3.1 Phonological Word Structure The phonological word in the Kri Phoong language exists in two forms: a. A monosyllable si³⁵ ‘arm, hand’, hɔŋ⁴²ˀ ‘crevice, creek’, tat⁴⁴ ‘waterfall’ b. A disyllable consisting of an unstressed presyllable and a stress main syllable kasǎŋ³⁵ ‘tooth’, tamuɲ³⁵ ‘beard’, salaŋ³⁵ ‘shoulder’ The main syllable is the stressed component and is always emphasized during pronunciation, while the presyllable is the unstressed component. The number of phonemes present in the main syllable’s structure is much larger than in the presyllable. Only a specific number of consonants or vowels that belong to the main syllable can appear in the presyllable; the main syllable carries tone, while the presyllable does not carry tone, as will be discussed in the next section. The generalized model of the phonological word in Kri Phoong can be represented as follows. c1 v1 C2 C3 V2 C4 T The following are specific descriptions of the phonological characteristics of the components belonging to the structure of the main syllable and the presyllable. 3.2 Main Syllable Structure (MS) The Kri Phoong main syllable has a maximum of four components: an initial consonant, a nuclear vowel, a final consonant, and a tone. The Kri Phoong initial can be a single consonant (C2) or a two-consonant cluster (C2 C3). If we denote the nuclear vowel as V2, the final as C4, and the tone as T, the structure of the Kri Phoong MS can be represented as follows: C2 C3 V2 C4 T In this template, the phonemes can be any of the following. • C2​ is any single consonant from the consonants in Table 4. • C2​ in consonant clusters can be /p, pʰr, k, kʰ, b/. • C3 can be /-l-, -r-, -w-/. • C4​ is one of the consonants in Table 6. • V2​ can be any vowel in Table 5. • T is any tone in Table 8. In the Kri Phoong MS structure, the onset, the vowel nucleus, and the tone are the three obligatory components; the coda is optional. The four attested MS forms in the Kri Phoong language are shown in Table 2. Table 2: Attested Main Syllable (MS) Structures in Kri Phoong MS forms in Kri Phoong Examples C2V2 T pɛ⁴⁴ ‘to break off’, pu³⁵ ‘grandfather’, to42ʔ ‘table’ C2V2C4 T tăm⁴²ˀ ‘to weave fabric’, dak44 ‘water’, tieŋ³⁵ ‘chair’ C2C3V2 T bru⁴²ˀ ‘forest’, plɛ⁴²ˀ ‘to fish with a rod’, kwɛ³⁵ ‘crippled’ C2C3V2C4 T plin⁴²ˀ ‘to dive’, praŋ⁴²ˀ ‘bright/light’, klɔŋ³⁵ ‘eyeball’ 3.2.1 Onsets/Initials Analysis of the data reveals that the Kri Phoong language has the 22 single initial consonants listed in Table 3, and eight consonant clusters in Table 4. Table 3: Single initial Consonants in Kri Phoong Position of Articulation Manner of Articulation and Phonation/Voicing Bilabial Coronal Glottal Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Plosive Obstruent Voiceless Unaspirated p t (ʈ) c k ʔ Aspirated pʰ th kʰ Voiced b d Sonorant, Nasal m n ( ( Fricative Obstruent Voiceless s ʂ h Voiced v z Sonorant, lateral l Trill r Table 4: Onset Clusters C3 C2 l r w p pl pr pʰ pʰr k kl kr kw kʰ kʰw b br Notes • Retroflex /ʈ/ is extremely rare, occurring once in over 1,000 words in the data. • Aspirated /kʰ/ is often pronounced as fricative consonant [χ] in free variation (e.g., kʰiu̯⁴²ˀ ~ χiu̯⁴²ˀ măt⁵⁵ ‘eyebrow’, kʰɔp⁴⁴ ~ χɔp⁴⁴ kuo⁴⁴ ‘family’, kʰieŋ³⁵ ~ χieŋ³⁵ ‘tripod’). The following are examples of main syllable initials in Kri Phoong language. Labials /p/ pɔ³⁵ ‘cow, bull’, pŭŋ⁴²ˀ ‘bulb, tuber’, pŭk⁵⁵ ‘grapefruit’ /pʰ/ pʰo⁴²ˀ ‘father’, pʰŭŋ⁴⁴ ‘stomach’, kapʰuk⁴⁴ ‘buttock, rear’ /b/ bɔ³⁵ ‘coal mine’ tabŏŋ⁴⁴ ‘sprout’, tabuk⁴⁴ ‘mud’ /m/ tamɔ³⁵ ‘new’, mui̯⁴⁴ ‘nose’, muok⁴⁴ ‘hat’ /v/ kave³⁵ ‘to roast’, kavoŋ⁴⁴ ‘peacock’, vɔt⁴⁴ ‘lip’ Coronals /t/ patɔ³⁵ ‘honey’, tɔi̯³⁵ ‘tail’, tŭŋ³⁵ ‘deaf’, tuk⁴⁴ ‘type of big jar’ /tʰ/ katʰɔ³⁵ ‘back basket’, tʰŭŋ⁴⁴ ‘type of basket’, tʰăk⁵⁵ ‘embroider’ /ʈ/ ʈaŋ³⁵ ‘type of basket’ /d/ sadɔ³⁵ ‘ladle’, sadɔ̆ŋ³⁵ ‘wedding’, kadut⁴⁴ ‘knife’ /n/ kanɔ⁴²ˀ ‘house’, nɔŋ³⁵ ‘lake’, kanɛt⁴⁴ ‘bee’ /s/ so⁴⁴ ‘lung’, soŋ⁴²ˀ ‘trousers’, usŭk⁵⁵ ‘body hair’ /ʂ/ ʂɔ⁴⁴ ‘bark’, ʂoŋ³⁵ kadut⁴⁴ ‘knife spine’, ʂap⁴⁴ patɔ³⁵ ‘beeswax’ /z/ kazɔ⁴²ˀ ‘wind’, kazăŋ³⁵ ‘type of bag’, zə̆k⁵⁵ ‘‘to tie’ /r/ ro⁴⁴ ‘to pull up’, sarɔŋ³⁵ ‘to throw, to hurl a javelin’, rŭk⁵⁵ ‘to rub out’ /l/ lo⁴⁴ ‘to exit’, lɔm³⁵ ‘liver’, talŭk⁵⁵ ‘cloud’ Palatals /c/ cɔ⁴²ˀ ‘dog’, cɔ̆ŋ⁴²ˀ ‘salty’, kacŭk⁵⁵ ‘mirror’ /ɲ/ ɲə⁴²ˀ ‘to remember’, ɲɔŋ⁴²ˀ ‘banana’, ɲŭk⁵⁵ ‘near’ Velars /k/ kɔ⁴²ˀ ‘to have’, kɔ̆ŋ⁴²ˀ ‘the wooden bell’, kɔt⁴⁴ ‘frog’ /kʰ/ kʰɔ³⁵ ‘to make a request’, kʰɔ̆ŋ⁴²ˀ ‘flick (someone)’, kʰut⁴⁴ ‘to shave, to scrape’ /ŋ/ ŋə³⁵ ‘tusk’, ŋɔŋ⁴²ˀ ‘stumbling over one’s words’, ŋit⁴⁴ ‘hear’ Glottals /ʔ/ (ɔ³⁵ ‘father’s sister’, ʔɔŋ⁴²ˀ ‘brain’, ʔak⁴⁴ ‘crow’ /h/ ha⁴²ˀ ‘open mouth wide’, hɔŋ⁴²ˀ ‘crevice, creek’, kahak⁴⁴ ‘hawk up’ Clusters /kl/ klɔŋ³⁵ ‘inside’, klon³⁵ ‘buttock’, nəm³⁵ klɔŋ⁴²ˀ ‘malaria’ /kr/ krɨŋ³⁵ ‘type of basket’, kraŋ³⁵ ‘sunny’, krɔŋ³⁵ cau̯⁴²ˀ ‘rice flower’ /kw/ kwi⁴²ˀ ‘parrot’, kwɛ̆ŋ³⁵ ‘gibbon’, kwɛ³⁵ ‘crippled’ /kʰw/ kʰwɛu̯⁴²ˀ ‘chip, trip up’, kʰwɛɲ³⁵ ‘throw’, kʰwa⁴²ˀ ‘lock’ /pl/ plai̯³⁵ ‘give back’‚ măt⁵⁵ kol³⁵ plin⁴²ˀ ‘sunset’, lai̯⁴⁴ plɛ⁴²ˀ ‘hook’ /pr/ praŋ³⁵ ‘wade’, praŋ⁴²ˀ ‘light sky’, prăk⁵⁵ sin⁴²ˀ ‘silver’ /pʰr/ cɨ̆ŋ³⁵ pʰrui̯⁴⁴ ‘drizzle’ /br/ bru⁴²ˀ ‘forest, jungle’, bra⁴²ˀ ‘knife, machete-shaped’ 3.2.2 Vowels (V) The Kri Phoong language has 20 vowels, as shown in Table 5. Table 5: Vowels of Kri Phoong Line Mouth Opening Front Mid Back Monophthongs high i ɨ-ɨ̆ u-ŭ mid e ə-ə̆ o-ŏ low ɛ ɑ-ɑ̆ ɔ-ɔ̆ Diphthongs  iə ɨə uə Phonetically, the low vowels /ɛ, ɑ, ɔ / are often realized as a vowel glide, gliding from a mid vowel to a low vowel /ɛ/ > [ᵉɛ]; /ɑ/ > [ᵊɑ]; /ɔ/ > [ᵒɔ]. The diphthongs /iə/ and /uə/ are actually realized as [ie] and [uo]. /ɛ/ /nɛ³⁵/ > [nᵉɛ³⁵] ‘who’, /takɛl⁴²ˀ/ > [takᵉɛl⁴²ˀ] ‘to crow’ /ɑ/ /cat⁴⁴/ > [cᵊat⁴⁴] ‘to rub, to clean (the cooking pots)’, /zam⁴²ˀ/ > [zᵊam⁴²ˀ] ‘to cry’ /ɔ/ /saŋɔl⁴²ˀ/ > [saŋᵒɔl⁴²ˀ] ‘to snore’, /pɔ⁴²ˀ/ > [pᵒɔ⁴²ˀ] ‘uncle (my father's younger brother)’ /iə/ /tʰiən³⁵/ > [tʰien³⁵] ‘lamp’, /riə⁴²ˀ/ > [rie⁴²ˀ] ‘moniter’, /piən³⁵/ > [pien³⁵] ‘to change’ /uə/ /muək⁴⁴/ > [muok⁴⁴] ‘hat’, /suə³⁵/ > [suo³⁵] ‘to lose’ The following are examples of the opposition of the vowelsː /i/ pi⁴⁴ ‘the same’, kim³⁵ ‘needle’, kasip⁴⁴ ‘centipede’ /e/ tape⁴⁴ ‘bran’, kem³⁵ kəi̯⁴⁴ ‘cliff’, kep⁴⁴ ‘narrow’ /ɛ/ pɛ⁴⁴ ‘to break’, kɛl³⁵ ‘melon’, kɛp⁴⁴ ‘to pick up’ /ie/ tʰiə³⁵ ‘spoon’, tʰiəŋ³⁵ ‘to argue, to quarrel’, ziət⁴⁴ ‘to kill’ /ɨ/ mɨ⁴²ˀ ‘aunt (mother's younger sister)’, kacɨŋ³⁵ ‘bed’, pɨk⁴⁴ ‘to dig’ /ɨ̆/ cɨ̆ŋ³⁵ ‘to see’, pɨ̆k⁵⁵ ‘to ladle, to scoop’ /ə/ tapə³⁵ ‘delta, plain’, kəi̯⁴⁴ ‘stone’, kəp⁴⁴ ‘sandal’ /ə̆/ kə̆i̯⁴⁴ ‘swell’, kə̆p⁴⁴ ‘to cover’ /ɑ/ pa³⁵ ‘three’, kapai̯⁴⁴ ‘cloth’, cak⁴⁴ ‘to buy’ /ɑ̆/ pɑ̆i̯⁴⁴ ‘eleven’, cɑ̆k⁴⁴ ‘you’ /ɨə/ sɨə³⁵ ‘to trust, to believe’, mɨəŋ³⁵ ‘a stream which is…’, hɨəŋ⁴²ˀ ‘jealous’ /u/ pu³⁵ ‘grandfather’, luŋ³⁵ ‘coffin’, tuk⁴⁴ ‘type’s big jar’ /ŭ/ palŭŋ³⁵ ‘to push out’, pŭk⁴⁴ ‘grape fruit’ /o/ sapo ³⁵ ‘to dream’, kavoŋ⁴⁴ ‘peacock’, dok⁴⁴ ‘boat’ /ŏ/ tabŏ(44 ‘section of spout’, kalŏk⁴⁴ ‘head’ /ɔ/ pɔ³⁵ ‘cow, bull, ox’, kɔŋ⁴²ˀ ‘gong’, cɔk⁴⁴ ‘cup’ /ɔ̆/ kɔ̆ŋ⁴²ˀ ‘wooden bell’, cɔ̆k⁴⁴ ‘to pick’ /uo/ suə³⁵ ‘to lose’, suən³⁵ ‘field’, muək⁴⁴ ‘hat’ 3.2.3 Codas/Finals In the coda position of main syllables, the Kri Phoong language allows nine consonants and two semivowels as shown in Table 6. Table 6: Kri Phoong Codas Place of articulation Manner of articulation Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Plosive, Voiceless -p -t -c -k Plosive, Nasal -m -n -ɲ -ŋ Semi Vowels - u̯ -i̯ Sonorants -l The following are examples of codas/finals: /-p/ kalap⁴⁴ ‘a husk’, kep⁴⁴ ‘narrow’, tɨ̆p⁴⁴ ‘to punch’ /-m/ sam⁴²ˀ ‘eight’, nem³⁵ ‘to watch’, ʂɨ̆m⁴²ˀ ‘sky’ /-u̯/ ʔau̯⁴²ˀ ‘shirt’, leu̯⁴²ˀ ‘already’, ɲiu̯³⁵’a lot, many, much’ /-t/ tat⁴⁴ ‘waterfall’, kacet⁴⁴ ‘to die’, kusət⁴⁴ ‘rough (of texture)’ /-n/ pan³⁵ ‘birthmark’, kuten³⁵ ‘two days ago’, klon³⁵ ‘buttock’ /-l/ hal³⁵ ‘two’, padol⁴²ˀ ‘hill’, pə̆l³⁵ ‘to fly’ /-c/ malac⁴⁴ ‘bland’, moc⁴⁴ ‘one’, tɛ̆c⁴⁴ ‘to claw’ /-ɲ/ taɲ³⁵ ‘to knit’, buɲ³⁵ ‘ashes’, kɛ̆ɲ³⁵ ‘thin soup’ /-i̯/ cai̯³⁵ ‘bottle’, saloi̯³⁵ ‘drift’, ʔupəi̯⁴²ˀ ‘swim’ /-k/ cak⁴⁴ ‘to buy’, dok⁴⁴ ‘boat’, tʰek⁴⁴ ‘to measure’ /-ŋ/ kataŋ³⁵ ‘tonkin cane’, kavoŋ⁴⁴ ‘peacock’, kutɛŋ⁴²ˀ ‘abscess’ 3.2.4 Tones Tones are primarily defined by the movement of the fundamental pitch during pronunciation. Each tone is a combination of characteristics including pitch, voice quality, and length of the spoken voice during articulation. Through auditory perception and with the assistance of speech analysis programs like PRAAT and SA, we find that the Kri Phoong language has five tones. Of these, three tones occur in open syllables ending with sonorants or vowels, and two tones occur in closed syllables ending with voiceless plosives /-p, -t, -c, -k/. The phonetic characteristics of each tone are described below. 3.2.4.1 Tones in Open Syllables Tone 1 starts at a slightly high pitch (level 4, ranging from 179Hz to 195Hz), proceeds with a flat contour, has a long duration ranging from 400ms to 450ms, and ends at a pitch nearly equal to the starting pitch. Tone 1 is pronounced with a neutral voice quality and is marked as 44. Tone 1 occurs in words such as pɔ44 ‘to hit, to beat‘, tape44 ‘bran’, poi̯44 ‘deer’, klɔŋ44 ‘pupil’, etc. The F0 contour of Tone 1 is presented in Figure 2. Figure 2: Diagram of the F0 contour of Tone 1 of the Syllable [pɔ44] ‘to hit’ Tone 2 starts at a medium pitch, level 3, ranging from 144Hz to 150Hz, with a gently rising contour and ends at a high pitch, level 5, ranging from 200Hz to 204Hz. The duration of Tone 2 is relatively long, averaging between 350ms and 400ms. Tone 2 is pronounced with a normal voice quality and is represented as 35. Tone 2 occurs in words such as pɔ³⁵ ‘cow’, pe³⁵ ’raft’, toj35 ‘pair’, and kalɔŋ³ ‘inside’. The F0 contour of Tone 2 is presented in Figure 3. Figure 3: F0 contour diagram of Tone 2 in the syllable [pɔ35] ‘cow’ Tone 3 starts at a slightly high pitch, level 4, ranging from 193Hz to 200Hz, remains steady for almost half of the syllable, then quickly falls, ending at a slightly low pitch, level 2, ranging from 81Hz to 138Hz, with a glottal plosive. The tone duration is relatively short, around 300ms. The falling segment at the end of Tone 3 shows a relatively complex F0 contour with very large fluctuations, causing a discontinuity, where the interrupted part lasts between 30 and 50ms. Tone 3 is transcribed as 42ʔ. It appears in words such as pɔ⁴²ˀ ‘uncle’, pe⁴²ˀ ‘win’, ʔoi̯⁴²ˀ ‘guava’, and klɔŋ⁴²ˀ ‘malaria’. The F0 contour of Tone 3 is presented in Figure 4, and that tone’s waveform, spectrogram, and F0 graph are shown in Figure 5. Figure 4: F0 contour diagram of Tone 3 in the syllable [pɔ⁴²ˀ] ‘uncle’ Figure 5: Waveform, spectrogram, and F0 contour of the syllable [pɔ42(] ‘uncle’ The correlation of F0 characteristics among the tones in the syllable ending with a nasal sound in Kri Phoong is identified in Figure 6. Figure 6: The Tone System of the Kri Phoong Language Figure 6 shows that the tonal space for the fundamental frequency (F0) ranges from 50 to 250Hz, with the highest point on Tone 2 and the lowest point on Tone 3. The graph also shows that Kri Phoong tones primarily contrast with each other based on contour: level (Tone 1), rising (Tone 2), and falling (Tone 3). The phenomenon of the glottal plosive on Tone 3 can be considered a non-distinctive, redundant phonetic feature. 3.2.4.2 Tones in syllables ending with voiceless plosive consonants Tone 4 starts at a relatively high pitch, level 4, ranging from 177Hz to 186Hz, remains flat, and ends at a pitch close to the starting pitch. Tone 4 is pronounced with a neutral voice quality and is transcribed as 44. Tone 4 only occurs in closed syllables with long vowels such as cak⁴⁴ ‘to buy’, kəp⁴⁴ ‘sandal’, and cɔk⁴⁴ ‘cup’. Compared to Tone 1, Tone 4 has a shorter duration, ranging from 300ms to 350ms. The F0 contour of Tone 4 is presented in Figure 7. Figure 7: F0 contour diagram of Tone 4 in the syllable [cak44] ‘to buy’. Tone 5 starts at the highest pitch, level 5, ranging from 201Hz to 215Hz, remains flat, and ends at a pitch close to the starting pitch. Tone 5 has the shortest duration among all tones, about 230 ms. It is pronounced with a neutral voice quality and is transcribed as 55. Tone 5 only occurs in closed syllables with short vowels such as căk55 ‘eyebrow’, kɤ̆p55 ‘cover’, and cɔ̆k55 ‘poke’. Tone 5 has a pitch that is one level higher than Tone 4. Figure 8 contains the F0 graph of Tone 5. Figure 8: F0 contour diagram of Tone 5 in the syllable [căk55] ‘eyebrow’ 3.2.4.3 Phonological characteristics of tones in the Kri Phoong language. Phonetic analysis shows that the Kri Phoong language has five tones, but from a phonological perspective, some tones do not function to distinguish the meanings of words. Therefore, there are two phonological interpretations of the tone system in Kri Phoong. According to the first approach, Tone 5 in closed syllables is in complementary distribution with Tone 4, allowing Tone 5 to be analyzed as a variant of Tone 4. If Tone 4 is treated as an independent tone, then the tone system of Kri Phoong consists of four tones: three occur in syllables ending in a nasal consonant, and one occurs in syllables ending in a voiceless plosive. Each tone is identified according to the phonological criteria in Table 6, Table 6: Tones in the Kri Phoong language (1) Tone Phonological criteria Tone 1 Flat (44) Tone 2 Rising (35) Tone 3 Descending (42ʔ) Tone 4 Flat (44) + voiceless plosive This description is linked to the historical formation and development of tones in Vietic languages, as discussed by various authors (Ferlus 1994:2, Nguyễn & Nguyễn 2019:1viii–1xi). In the second approach, the tone system of the Kri Phoong language consists of 3 tones, where Tone 4 (the tone in syllables ending with p, t, c, k) is a variant of Tone 1. In this case, each tone is identified by the following phonological criteria (Table 7). Table 7: Tones in the Kri Phoong language (2) Tone Phonological criteria Tone 1 Flat (44) Tone 2 Rising (35) Tone 3 Descending (42ʔ) This description is commonly found in pure synchronic studies of tones in Vietic languages (Nguyễn 2005:43–48, Nguyễn 2017:165–168, Nguyễn 2024:23–25). In this paper, we transcribe the tones according to the second approach. According to Diagram 6 and the phonological criteria of the Kri Phoong tones, the tones primarily contrast according to their contour characteristics. In terms of tone types, this is a typical contour tone system. 3.2.5 The Interaction Between Constituents of the Main Syllable In Kri Phoong, the constituents of the main syllable interact in the following two ways. • Front vowels /i, e, ɛ/ have their duration shortened when combined with the final consonants /-ɲ, -c/, for example, pĭɲ⁴²ˀ ‘to shoot’, kĭc⁴⁴ ‘defecate’, kɛ̆ɲ³⁵ ‘thin soup’, tɛ̆c⁴⁴ ‘to claw’, and cəŋ³⁵ sarĕɲ³⁵ ‘spine’. • Front vowels /i, e, ie, ɛ/ do not combine with the final glide /-i̯/, while back vowels /u, o, u͜o, ɔ/ do not combine with the final glide /-u̯/. • Of the three tones, Tone 2 and Tone 3 do not appear in closed syllables (i.e., syllables ending in the consonants /-p, -t, -c, -k/). 3.3 Presyllable Structure (PS) The presyllables in the Kri Phoong language are of two types: typical presyllables and nasal presyllables. Typical presyllables consist of an initial consonant and a vowel, with no final consonant and no tone. If the consonant of the presyllable is denoted as c1 and the vowel as v1, the generalized structural model of the presyllable is c1v1. Only about half of the initial consonants (i.e., p, t, c, k, kʰ, ʔ, b, m, s, l) and two vowels (i.e., /a, u/) found in main syllables can appear in presyllables. Following are examples of twelve types of normal presyllables. pa panu⁴²ˀ ‘breast’, palĭc⁴⁴ ‘chilly’, palem³⁵ ‘landed leech’ ta tabuk⁴⁴ ‘mud’, tahɔl³⁵ ‘axe’, takɔi̯³⁵ ‘deer antler’ ca cahaŋ³⁵ ‘eggplant’, cahə̆u̯³⁵ ‘to lie, trick’ ka kazɔ⁴²ˀ ‘wind’, kalɔi̯³⁵ ‘jungle banana/wild banana’, kadut⁴⁴ ‘knife’ ku kuca³⁵ ‘to have a wash’, kulɨk⁴⁴ ‘peeled’, kudɛ⁴⁴ ‘constipation’ kʰa kʰala³⁵ ‘bamboo’, kʰalăŋ³⁵ ‘kidney’, kʰamə⁴²ˀ ‘to meet’ ʔa ʔasam⁴²ˀ ‘blood’, ʔarak⁴⁴ ‘dirt’, ʔalau̯⁴²ˀ ‘cork’ ʔu ʔusŭk⁵⁵ ‘body hair’, ʔuɲu⁴²ˀ ‘years old’, ʔupəi̯⁴²ˀ ‘swim’ ba baret⁴⁴ ‘aphid’, balo³⁵ ‘drumstick’ ma marɔi̯³⁵ ‘fly’, malə³⁵ ‘scared’, manɔ̆k⁵⁵ ‘angry’ sa samul³⁵ ‘dust’, sapil³⁵ ‘pumpkin’, salu³⁵ ‘buffalo’ ra ravɨ̆ŋ⁴⁴ ‘sesame’, ravəi̯⁴²ˀ ‘soul’, ratɨ̆ŋ⁴²ˀ ‘vachs’ Nasal presyllables are syllabified nasal consonants. In bisyllabic root words, phonetically, the realization of the pre-nasal presyllable depends on the place of articulation of the main syllable’s initial consonant: the pre-nasal presyllable /m̩/ is realized as [ʔə̆m] when the main syllable’s initial consonants are bilabial consonants (p, ph, b, m, v); /n̩/ is realized as [ʔə̆n] when the main syllable’s initial consonants are alveolar consonants (t, tʰ, ʈ , d, n, z, s, ʂ, r, l); /ɲ̩/ is pronounced as [ʔə̆ɲ̩] when the main syllable’s initial consonants are palatal consonants (c, ɲ̩); /ŋ̩/ is pronounced as [ʔə̆ŋ̩] when the main syllable’s initial consonants are velar or glottal consonants (k, kʰ, ŋ̩, h, ʔ ), as in the following examples. ʔə̆m /m̩bat44/ > [ʔə̆mbat] ‘sweet’; /m̩pə44/ > [ʔə̆mpə44] ‘to split’ ʔə̆n /n̩tu³⁵/ > [ʔə̆ntu³⁵] ‘fat (n)’, /n̩nɔ⁴²ˀ/ > [(ə̆nnɔ⁴²ˀ] ‘fruit peel’, /n̩sɛŋ⁴²ˀ/ > ʔə̆nsɛŋ⁴⁴ ‘fat’ ʔə̆ŋ /ɲ̩can⁴²ˀ/ > [ʔə̆ɲcan⁴²ˀ] ‘mate’, /ɲ̩cɛm⁴²ˀ/ > [ʔə̆ɲcɛm⁴²ˀ] ‘skirt’ ʔə̆ŋ̩ /ŋ̩kɔŋ³⁵/ > [ʔə̆ŋkɔŋ³⁵] ‘mountain’, /ŋ̩kɨ̆n³⁵ plɛ⁴²ˀ/ > [ʔə̆ŋkɨ̆n³⁵ plɛ⁴²ˀ] ‘fishing-pole’, /ŋŋam³⁵/ > [ʔə̆ŋŋam] ‘sweet’ Again, the phonological word in Kri Phoong is as follows. c1v1C2C3 V2 C4 T It should also be noted that in the Kri Phoong language, phonological words with dependent disyllabic structures are quite common. In our data, out of 643 phonological words of 1,000 items in the glossar, 254 have a disyllabic form, accounting for almost 40 percent of them. This evidence supports the sesquisyllabic status of the Kri Phoong language. 4 Conclusion In relation to languages of the Vietic branch, the examination of the phonological system of the Kri Phoong language in Huong Vinh commune, Huong Khe district, Ha Tinh province, allows for the following conclusions: In terms of typology, Kri Phoong is an isolating and sesquisyllabic language. In this language, many phonological words have a disyllabic form, and the types of pre-syllables consist of multiple types. Within the Vietic branch, in this phonological characteristic, Kri Phoong is similar to Rục (as described by Nguyễn 1993:39–41) and Mày (Kirill eds 2021:77–92), but very different from the phonetics of the Mường language across its various dialects (Nguyễn 2005:26–27), Thổ (Nguyễn 2024:19), and Cuối (Nguyễn, Bùi, Hoàng 2022:4–5), which are monosyllabic languages. Unlike Kri in Laos, Kri Phoong in Vietnam does not have the opposition of vowel register between heavy and light vowels, nor does it have the opposition between sonorant final consonants /m, n, ɲ, ŋ, l, u̯, i̯/ and glottalized sonorant final consonants /mˀ, nˀ, ɲˀ, ŋˀ, lˀ, u̯ˀ, i̯ˀ/. Conversely, the Kri Phoong language in Vietnam is a tonal language with three tones (according to solution 2 mentioned in Section 3.2.4.3). The opposition between the tones is primarily based on the contour criterion (i.e., level-rising-falling); other phonetic features (e.g., duration, voice quality) are merely redundant features. That is, they do not serve to distinguish the meanings of words. In terms of tone typology, the tones of Kri Phoong form a typical contour tone system. Among the Vietic languages, the tone system of Kri Phoong is unique. This unique nature is demonstrated by the fact that (a) while the tone systems of other Vietic languages (Vietnamese, Mường, Thổ, Cuối, Rục, Mày, Sách, Poọng, Đan Lai, etc.) are all defined on the basis of two main opposing criteria, namely, contour and register, the tones of Kri Phoong only exhibit opposition based on contour; (b) Kri Phoong is probably the only language in the Vietic group with three tones (cf. Northern Vietnamese has 6 tones; Mường, Thổ, Cuối, and Đan Lai (Nguyễn 2009:264–266) have 5 tones; Rục and Mày have 4 tones). The tone system of Kri Phoong appears to be a newly formed system, corresponding to the Vietnamese tone system of first millennium. The emergence of tones with different contours is the consequence of the loss of the final consonants /-h, -s, -ʔ/. This result also shows that Haudricourt’s (1954) theory on the process of Vietnamese tone formation is reliable. References Babaev, Kirill, & Samarina, Irina. 2021. A Grammar of May. Translated and edited by Paul Sidwell. Boston: Brill. Chamberlain, James R. 2018. A Kri-Mol (Vietic) bestiary: Prolegomena to the study of ethnozoology in the northern Annamites (Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies No. 133). Kyoto University. Enfield, Nicholas J. & Gérard Diffloth. 2009. Phonology and sketch grammar of Kri, a Vietic language of Laos. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 38.1:3–69. Ferlus, Michel. 1994, May 5–6. Quelques particularités du cuôi cham une langue viet-muong du Nghê-an (Vietnam). Presentation. Neuvièmes Journées de Linguistique de l'Asie Orientale, CRLAO (CNRS-EHESS), Paris, France. Ferlus, Michel. 1996. Langues et peuples Viet-Muong. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 26:7–28. Haudricourt, Andre-Georges. 1991. Về nguồn gốc các thanh của tiếng Việt [Concerning the origin of Vietnamese tones] (Vietnamese translation). Ngôn Ngữ 1991.1:23–31. Nguyễn, Hữu Hoành. 2009. Hệ thống ngữ âm tiếng Đan Lai (Những nhận xét ban đầu) [The phonetic system of the Dan lai language (Initial comments)]. Ngữ học trẻ 2008:263–268. Vietnam Linguistics Society, Vinh University. Nguyễn, Hữu Hoành (editor). 2013. Ngôn ngữ, chữ viết các dân tộc thiểu số ở Việt Nam [Language and writing of ethnic minorities in Vietnam]. Encyclopaedia Publishing House. Nguyễn, Hữu Hoành (eds.). 2022. Ngôn ngữ các dân tộc thiểu số ở Việt Nam: Một số vấn đề về xác định thành phần, tên gọi và cách viết tên gọi ngôn ngữ trong mối quan hệ với dân tộc [Languages of ethnic minorities in Vietnam: Some issues on determining components, names and how to write language names in relation to ethnicity]. Social Sciences Publishing House. Nguyễn, Hữu Hoành. 2024. Hệ thống ngữ âm tiếng Thổ [Tho phonetic system]. Ngôn Ngữ 6:18–26. Nguyễn, Hữu Hoành & Nguyễn, Văn Lợi. 2019. Tones in the Cuoi language of Tan Ky District in Nghe An Province Vietnam. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 12.1:lvii–lxvi. Nguyễn, Hữu Hoành, Bùi, Thị Ngọc Anh, & Hoàng, & Ngọc Tuệ. 2022. A Cuoi language description and glossary. Ed. by Mark Alves. JSEALS Special Publication No. 10. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. Nguyễn, Thị Hai. 2017. Ngữ âm học tiếng Việt hiện đại [Modern Vietnamese phonetics]. Youth Publishing House. Nguyễn, Văn Lợi. 1993. Tiếng Rục [The Rục language]. Hanoi: Social Sciences Publishing House. Nguyễn, Văn Lợi. 2002. Thanh điệu một vài thổ ngữ Nghệ An, từ góc nhìn đồng đại và lịch đại [Tones of some Nghe An dialects, from synchronic and diachronic perspectives]. Ngôn ngữ 3 (2002):1–12. Nguyễn, Văn Tài. 2005. Ngữ âm tiếng Mường qua các phương ngôn [The phonetics of the Mường language across its various dialects]. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Từ điển bách khoa. Sidwell, Paul, & Alves, Mark. 2021. The Vietic languages: A phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Language Relationship 19.3:166–194. Reviewed: Received 28 October 2025, revised text accepted 20 March 2026, published 1 May 2026 Editors: Editor-In-Chief Dr Mark Alves | Managing Eds. Dr Paul Sidwell, Dr Sigrid Lew, Dr Mathias Jenny Glossary of Kri Phoong in Viet Nam The authors collected the original list of 1,000 words in Kri Phoong introduced in this article during a field trip on August 2019 in Huong Vinh commune, Huong Khe district, Ha Tinh province. The glossary was provided by collaborators Ho Van Son (male, born in 1957) and Ho Van Viet (male, born in 1963). The lexical list was transcribed into IPA at the fieldwork locations in August of 2019, recorded using a Zoom H2 recorder, and processed according to the recording sample 22,000 Hz, 16-bit, Mono in a WAV format. After the data processing with the support of speech analysis applications such as PRAAT, SA, and WINCECIL, the lexical list transcribed in IPA was edited once more. Glosses Vietnamese Kri Phoong a few, a bit một chút moc⁴⁴ ʔiu̯⁴²ˀ a little, a few ít ma⁴⁴ ʔit⁴⁴ a pair, a couple một đôi moc⁴⁴ toi̯³⁵ abdomen bụng rɔc⁴⁴ above, on top trên ʔu⁴⁴ tul³⁵ abscess nhọt kutɛŋ⁴²ˀ ache, painful nhức ɲɨ̆k⁵⁵ afternoon buổi trưa buəi̯⁴⁴ kʰla³⁵ all cả ka⁴⁴ het⁴⁴ already rồi leu̯⁴²ˀ altar bàn thờ taro³⁵ kumuc⁴⁴ amaranth rau dền kot⁴⁴ ri⁴²ˀ and và tɨm³⁵ angry tức kɨ̆k55 animal con vật lɔŋ⁴²ˀ săt⁵⁵ ankle mắt cá chân măt⁵⁵ le³⁵ ciɲ³⁵ answer (v) trả lời tɔp44 ant kiến kaɲəl⁴²ˀ anus, buttock hậu môn kalon³⁵ appendix ruột thừa rɔc⁴⁴ lɨə³⁵ April tháng 4 tara³⁵ pon⁴²ˀ argue, quarrel cãi thiəŋ35 arm, hand tay si³⁵ armpit nách savak⁴⁴ armspan sải tay palai̯³⁵ arrive, come đến, tới teɲ42ʔ arrow mũi tên sara⁴⁴ arrow quiver ống tên diŋ³⁵ sara⁴⁴ ashes tro buɲ³⁵ ask hỏi haɲ35 asthma hen hɛn³⁵ at tại, ở tai̯⁴²ˀ at the time khi đó, dạo ấy hui̯³⁵ na⁴²ˀ August tháng 8 tara³⁵ sam⁴²ˀ aunt (mother's younger sister) dì mɨ⁴²ˀ awake thức katɨc⁴⁴ zɨl⁴²ˀ axe rìu tahɔl³⁵ back lưng takɔŋ35 back basket gùi katʰɔ³⁵ bad, ugly xấu ʔɨən³⁵ bag giỏ sadap⁴⁴ bait mồi câu ɲɨə³⁵ plɛ⁴²ˀ bamboo tre kʰala³⁵ bamboo string, bamboo strips lạt kasi⁴²ˀ banana chuối ɲɔŋ⁴²ˀ bang, strike đập pɔ44 barbecue (v), burn (v) thui ʔu⁴⁴ hun³⁵ bark of trees vỏ cây kabɔk⁴⁴ sarə̆ŋ³⁵ barking deer hoẵng poi̯⁴⁴ basket thúng katʰŭŋ⁴²ˀ basket rổ ʈaŋ35 basket used to collect rice giỏ tuốt lúa kazăŋ35 bat (animal) dơi kurɛ̆ɲ⁴²ˀ bathe tắm ʔum42ʔ be at ở (tại) tani35 beads hạt cườm katɨ̆l⁴⁴ beak, bill mỏ (chim, gà) vɔt⁴⁴ bear (n) gấu saku⁴²ˀ beard râu tamuɲ³⁵ because vì, bởi pi⁴⁴ nə⁴²ˀ bed giường kacɨŋ³⁵ bedbug, aphid rệp baret⁴⁴/ bret⁴⁴ bee ong ruồi kanɛt⁴⁴ below, under dưới ʔu⁴⁴ tɨ̆k⁵⁵ belt thắt lưng sa⁴⁴ ʔɛu̯⁴²ˀ big, large to, lớn ki⁴²ˀ bird chim ʔo⁴²ˀ birthmark bớt pan³⁵ bite (n), sore (n) ghẻ ɣɛ⁴²ˀ bite (v) cắn kat44 bitter đắng tăŋ⁴²ˀ black đen ɲɨ̆m³⁵ black beans đậu đen pɔŋ⁴⁴ pɔŋ⁴⁴ ɲɨ̆m³⁵ black of the eye con ngươi klɔŋ⁴⁴ ɲɨ̆m³⁵ măt⁵⁵ black pepper hạt tiêu palĭc⁵⁵ tiəu̯³⁵ black sesame vừng đen ravɨ̆ŋ⁴⁴ ɲɨ̆m³⁵ black wood ear (fungus) mộc nhĩ bɔc44 katə̆l35 bladder bóng đái sabŭŋ³⁵ te⁴²ˀ bland nhạt (muối) malac⁴⁴ blanket chăn ʔui̯⁴²ˀ blind mù maŋɔŋ³⁵ blood máu ʔasam⁴²ˀ blow (gió) thổi tul⁴²ˀ blow (v) thổi (lửa) tul42ʔ blue-fly nhặng malăŋ³⁵ boar lợn rừng kul⁴⁴ bru⁴²ˀ boat thuyền dok⁴⁴ body thân thể ʂə̆n³⁵ ʂə̧t⁴⁴ body hair lông ʔusŭk⁵⁵ body louse rận parĭɲ⁴²ˀ boil (v) luộc sə̆m35 bone xương cəŋ³⁵ borrow vay kə̆m42ʔ bottle chai cai̯³⁵ bow one’s head cúi đầu kaʔup44 klɔ̆k55 bowl (n) bát tɔi̯⁴²ˀ bowl rack cái giá karᵊa⁴²ˀ boy, son con trai kadɛ⁴²ˀ bau̯⁴⁴ braid (one’s hair into a bun) búi (tóc) pul42ʔ brain óc ʔɔŋ⁴²ˀ bran cám tape⁴⁴ branch cành takɛ̆ɲ⁴²ˀ break bẻ pɛ44 breast vú panu⁴²ˀ bride cô dâu ʔu⁴⁴ zu⁴⁴ bright sáng tarək⁴⁴ broken rice tấm kareɲ⁴²ˀ bubble bọt nước kapu⁴⁴ dak⁴⁴ bud nụ bɛ̆c⁵⁵ bud, section of sprout mầm (hạt) tabŏŋ⁴⁴ kazaŋ⁴²ˀ bud, shoot (n) chồi bɛ̆c⁵⁵ bud, shoot (n) búp bɛ̆c⁵⁵ buffalo trâu salu³⁵ buffalo stable chuồng trâu kʰɔk⁴⁴ salu³⁵ bulb, tuber củ pŭŋ⁴²ˀ bumblebee ong đất cĭɲ³⁵ burn đốt cháy kacăl42ʔ but mà ma³⁵ but nhưng ɲə̆ŋ⁴⁴/ hə̆k⁵⁵ butterfly bướm pŭŋ⁴⁴ pə̆t⁵⁵ buttock, rear mông kapʰuk⁴⁴ button cúc kŭk⁵⁵ button hole lỗ khuy kɨp⁴⁴ kŭk⁵⁵ buy mua cak44 cabbage rau cải kot⁴⁴ kai̯⁴⁴ cage for chickens lồng gà taro³⁵ ka³⁵ calf (buffalo) nghé salu35 ŋɛ42ʔ calf (cow) bê kadɛ42ʔ pɔ35 calf (of one’s leg) bắp chân bŭŋ⁴²ˀ cĭɲ³⁵ carry xách riu̯42ʔ carry (a basket) on one’s head đội (thúng) kadoi̯42ʔ carry child on one’s back cõng (con) kadau̯42ʔ carry something on one’s back gùi takĭɲ35 carry something on one’s shoulder vác zul35 carry something with someone else khiêng takiu̯35 carry under one’s arm đeo tɛu̯35 carry, take mang takĭɲ35 cat mèo mɛu̯³⁵ caterpillar (hairy) sâu róm pati⁴⁴ caterpillar (non-hairy) sâu đo kapi³⁵ sakaŋ³⁵ cave (n) hang tʰăm⁴²ˀ centipede rết bret⁴⁴ chair ghế tiəŋ³⁵ change (v) đổi piən35 charcoal than củi kacăŋ³⁵ kui̯⁴⁴ chase đuổi və̠ŋ42ʔ cheek má pop⁴⁴ chest ngực kacə⁴⁴ chestnut hạt dẻ kazaŋ⁴²ˀ reu̯⁴²ˀ chew nhai saɲa42ʔ chick gà con ka³⁵ kadɛ⁴²ˀ chicken gà ka³⁵ child con kadɛ⁴²ˀ children trẻ con manɛ³⁵ dit⁴⁴ chilli ớt palĭc⁵⁵ chin cằm kaŋ⁴²ˀ chinese onion kiệu kot⁴⁴ saku⁴²ˀ Chinese thrush khướu ʔo⁴²ˀ vəu̯⁴²ˀ Chinese yam củ mài pŭŋ⁴²ˀ tɛŋ⁴²ˀ chisel (v) đục panăc⁵⁵ choke (intr.) sặc sarɨ̆k55 chop chặt pə̆m35 chopping board thớt tʰət⁴⁴ chopping knife dao phay kadut44 phăi̯35 chopstick đũa con dɔ⁴⁴ dit⁴⁴ cigarette thuốc lá hɨt⁴⁴ sɔŋ⁴⁴ circle, ring vòng vɔŋ³⁵ clap one’s hands vỗ tay tapa44 si35 claw (v) véo tɛ̆c55 clay đất sét ʔatăk⁵⁵ tɔ⁴⁴ clean (adj) sạch hit⁴⁴ clean (v), wipe chùi, xóa zit44 cliff vách đá kem³⁵ kəi̯⁴⁴ cloth vải kapai̯⁴⁴ cloud mây talŭk⁵⁵ cloudy trời râm sɨ̆m⁴²ˀ rŭm³⁵ coal than kacăŋ³⁵ kahɨŋ³⁵ coal than đá kacăŋ³⁵ kəi̯⁴⁴ cock, rooster gà trống ka³⁵ ŋul³⁵ cockroach gián tu³⁵ səp⁴⁴ cockspur cựa gà kamɛl⁴⁴ ka³⁵ coffin quan tài luŋ³⁵ cold lạnh salăŋ³⁵ cold season, winter mùa rét ɲəm³⁵ klɔŋ⁴²ˀ column (in a home structure) cột sa⁴⁴ zul³⁵ comb (n) lược sanek⁴⁴ comb (v) chải sɛ̆c55 come in đi vào (nhà) ʔəc44 lɔn35 constipation táo bón kudɛ⁴⁴ cook (v) nấu (cơm) atə̆k55 cooked rice cơm cau̯⁴²ˀ cin⁴²ˀ cooked rice cơm tẻ cau̯⁴²ˀ sakɔ³⁵ cooking pot nồi vɔŋ⁴²ˀ copper đồng tŏŋ³⁵ cork nứa ʔalau̯⁴²ˀ corn ngô sali³⁵ corner of mouth mép kɛk⁴⁴ mɛ̆ɲ⁴²ˀ cotton cây bông poŋ³⁵ ŋiu̯⁴²ˀ cough (v) ho ʔo⁴⁴ ʔo⁴⁴ count (v) đếm dĭɲ35 cover (v) đậy vung kə̆p55 cow bò pɔ³⁵ crab cua katam³⁵ crescent moon trăng khuyết tara35 pələ35 crested bird, red-whispered bulbul chào mào ʔo⁴²ˀ parɛu̯³/prɛu̯³⁵⁵ cricket dế mut⁴⁴ crippled què (tay) kwɛ³⁵ crocodile cá sấu ka⁴²ˀ kʰɛ⁴²ˀ crop mùa vụ ɲəm³⁵ crossbeam xà dọc tapɛl³⁵ crossbow nỏ, ná sana⁴²ˀ crow (n) quạ ʔo⁴²ˀ ʔak⁴⁴ crow (v) gáy takᵉɛl⁴²ˀ crush bóp (tay, chân) bip⁴⁴ cry khóc zəm42ʔ cup cốc, li cɔk⁴⁴ cup (to drink alcohol) chén uống rượu cɛn⁴²ˀ curved cong văn⁴²ˀ cut (v) cắt kɛ̆c55 cyclone lốc, cơn lốc kazɔ⁴²ˀ kadŭt⁵⁵ kalŏk⁵⁵ dance (v) múa phɔn42ʔ dandruff, scruff gàu (trên đầu) karăi̯³⁵ dark tối taŋɔp⁴⁴ day ngày pakɔ⁴⁴ deaf điếc tŭŋ³⁵ death xác chết səp44 kacet44 December tháng mười hai tara³⁵ mɨi̯³⁵ hal³⁵ deer nai kadi³⁵ deer antler gạc nai takɔi̯³⁵ defecate ỉa kĭc⁵⁵ deformed méo kabɛu̯⁴²ˀ delta, plain đồng bằng tapə³⁵ dew sương (giọt) maŋɔŋ³⁵ diə chết kacet44 different khác taŋ³⁵ dig đào (khoai, củ mài) pɨk44 dig (a hole by poking) chọc lỗ tabɔk44 dirty bẩn ɲəp⁴⁴ distiller’ grains bã rượu kasa⁴⁴ kɨ̆n⁴²ˀ ditch, irrigation canal mương mɨəŋ³⁵ divide chia bɛ̆ɲ35 do laundry, wash clothes giặt ʔu44 pu44 do, make làm mɛ35 doctor thầy thuốc mɔ³⁵ pʰɛt⁴⁴ dog chó cɔ⁴²ˀ door cửa kɨ44 doorgate cánh cửa kɨ44 dove bồ câu kăŋ⁴⁴ kɛ³⁵ drag, pull, draw lôi, kéo təi̯42ʔ dragonfly chuồn chuồn tŭŋ⁴⁴ tin⁴²ˀ draw, paint vẽ tɛm42ʔ dream (v) nằm mơ lăm35 sapo35 drift trôi saloi̯³⁵ drink (v) uống (nước) cŭŋ42ʔ drizzle (of rain) mưa phùn cɨ̯ŋ³⁵ pʰrui̯⁴⁴ drown (intr.) chết đuối kacet44 saloi̯35 drum trống kalɔ̆ŋ⁴²ˀ drumstick dùi trống balo35 kalɔ̆ŋ42ʔ drunk, drunken say rượu pari³⁵ kɨ̯n⁴²ˀ dry (adj) khô rɔ⁴⁴ dry in the sun phơi patai̯44 dry season mùa khô ɲəm³⁵ rɔ⁴⁴ duck vịt vit⁴⁴ dull (not sharp) cùn, nhụt kalun³⁵ dung, feces cứt kĭc⁵⁵ dust bụi (đất) samul³⁵ dye (v) nhuộm ɲŭm42ʔ ear tai sai̯³⁵ ear wax ráy tai kĭc⁵⁵ sai̯³⁵ eardrum lỗ tai kɨp⁴⁴ sai̯³⁵ early evening xẩm tối salŭm⁴²ˀ early morning rạng sáng mŭk⁵⁵ mŭk⁵⁵ earth, dirt đất ʔatăk⁵⁵ earthworm giun (đất) palun³⁵ east đông măt⁵⁵ kol³⁵ lo⁴⁴ eat ăn ʔăn35 eel lươn ʔiən⁴²ˀ egg trứng tarul⁴²ˀ eggplant cà cahaŋ³⁵ eggshell vỏ trứng kabok⁴⁴ tarul⁴²ˀ eight tám sam⁴²ˀ elder brother anh maŋ⁴²ˀ elder sister chị ci⁴²ˀ elephant voi zɨ⁴²ˀ eleven mười một mɨi̯³⁵ moc⁴⁴ embroider thêu tʰăk⁵⁵ end (n), final cuối cùng sŏt⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁴²ˀ enemy kẻ thù kɛ³⁵ kʰɛn⁴²ˀ enter vào lɔn35 erode lở, xói mòn kulɨk⁴⁴ evening buổi chiều buəi̯⁴⁴ lɛŋ³⁵ evening star sao mai kalo³⁵ hen³⁵ evening star, Venus sao hôm kalo³⁵ taŋɔp⁴⁴ exit ra lo⁴⁴ explode nổ pado44 eye mắt măt⁵⁵ eye discharge dử mắt asɨ⁴⁴ măt⁵⁵ eyebrow lông mày kʰiu̯⁴²ˀ măt⁵⁵ eyelash lông mi kapi³⁵ măt⁵⁵ face mặt măt⁵⁵ mui̯⁴⁴/ kalək⁴⁴ faint chết ngất kacet44 salə̆p55 fall, drop rơi salɛ̆c55 fall, drop (intr.) rụng cu44 fall, tumble ngã rui̯42ʔ family gia đình kʰ/χɔp⁴⁴ kuə⁴⁴ fangs răng nanh kasăŋ³⁵ nɛ̆ɲ³⁵ fan-palm cọ salɔ³⁵ far, distant xa saŋai̯⁴²ˀ fat (adj) béo kalŭŋ³⁵ fat (n) mỡ ntu³⁵ father bố pʰo⁴²ˀ father-in-law– (husband’s father) bố chồng pʰo⁴²ˀ kuɲ⁴⁴ father–-in-law (wife’s father) bố vợ pʰo⁴²ˀ kȩ⁴²ˀ feather lông (chim) ʔusŭk⁵⁵ February tháng 2 tara³⁵ hal³⁵ feed from one’s mouth mớm bəm42ʔ fence hàng rào ru⁴²ˀ fever sốt (nóng) nəm³⁵ fiəld cánh đồng tɔ̆ŋ³⁵ fiəld dam bờ ruộng kem³⁵ rɔŋ⁴²ˀ find (v) tìm thấy sɔk⁴⁴ cɨ̆ŋ³⁵ finger ngón (tay, chân) kadɔi̯⁴²ˀ fingernail móng (tay) kasăm³⁵ fire (n) lửa kui̯⁴⁴ hel³⁵ firefly đóm karɔk⁴⁴ fireplace, hearth bếp lửa pŭŋ⁴⁴ kui̯⁴⁴ firewood củi kui̯⁴⁴ first thứ nhất tʰɨ³⁵ moc⁴⁴ first wife vợ cả ke42ʔ kɨ̆l35 fish (n) cá ʔaka⁴²ˀ fishing net lưới đánh cá lai̯⁴⁴ fishing pole cần câu ŋkɨ̯n³⁵ plɛ⁴²ˀ five năm dăm³⁵ flat basket used to dry nong dɔ̆ŋ42ʔ ki42ʔ flat winnowing basket mẹt thŭŋ42ʔ flavored sticky rice dish xôi cau̯⁴²ˀ dep⁴⁴ flee, run away trốn kalon42ʔ flesh thịt sit⁴⁴ float (v) nổi sapəŋ³⁵ flood (n) lũ lut⁴⁴ floor sàn nhà (sàn) nraɲ³⁵ kanɔ⁴²ˀ flour, starch bột tapŭŋ³⁵ flow (v), run (of liquid) chảy cə̆l⁴²ˀ flower hoa poŋ³⁵ fly (n) ruồi marɔi̯³⁵ fly (v) bay pə̆l35 fog, mist sương mù maŋɔŋ³⁵ lɔk⁴⁴ forehead trán kalək⁴⁴ forest, jungle rừng bru⁴²ˀ/ baru⁴²ˀ forget quên parui̯35 fortune teller thầy bói mɔ³⁵ ɲəm³⁵ foundation of a house nền nhà nen³⁵ kanɔ⁴²ˀ four bốn pon⁴²ˀ fox cáo mɛu̯³⁵ ka³⁵ fox chồn sapək⁴⁴ fragrant thơm na⁴⁴ hɔm⁴²ˀ friənd bạn mu³⁵ frog ếch kɔt⁴⁴ front phía trước bə⁴⁴ lə⁴⁴ sɨ³⁵ fruit quả palɛ⁴²ˀ fry (v) rán ran42ʔ funeral đám ma dam⁴²ˀ kamuc⁴⁴ garden vườn suən³⁵ kanɔ⁴²ˀ gecko tắc kè kăk⁵⁵ kɛ⁴²ˀ ghost ma kamuc⁴⁴ gibbon vượn kwɛɲ³⁵ girl, daughter con gái kadɛ⁴²ˀ pʰa⁴⁴ mai̯⁴²ˀ give cho cən35 give back trả lại plai̯³⁵ give birth to đẻ (con) tɛ44 glutinous rice, sticky rice lúa nếp cau̯⁴²ˀ dep⁴ go đi ʔən44 go down, descend xuống ci44 go up lên sau̯35 god ông trời ʂɨ̯m⁴²ˀ goiter bướu cổ pem³⁵ gold vàng zin³⁵ gong chiêng kɔŋ⁴²ˀ good tốt cŭp⁵⁵ goose (domestic) ngỗng han⁴²ˀ gore (v), butt (v) húc hŭ̠k55 grandchild cháu (ông, bà) cu⁴²ˀ grandfather ông pu³⁵ grandfather (maternal) ông ngoại pʰo⁴²ˀ tʰə̆u̯⁴⁴ grandfather (paternal) ông nội pu³⁵ tʰə̆u̯⁴⁴ grandmother bà mɛ⁴²ˀ tʰə̆u̯⁴⁴ grandmother (maternal) bà ngoại mɛ⁴²ˀ tʰə̆u̯⁴⁴ grandmother (paternal) bà nội za³⁵ grass cỏ pɨ̆n³⁵ grave mả bu⁴⁴ gravel sỏi karəŋ³⁵ dit⁴⁴ great-granchild chắt căt⁵⁵ great-grandmother cụ bà ko⁴²ˀ za³⁵ great-grandparent cụ ông ko⁴²ˀ ʔoŋ³⁵ green beans đậu xanh pɔŋ⁴⁴ pɔŋ⁴⁴ kasɛ⁴²ˀ green onion hành hɛ̆ɲ⁴²ˀ green, blue xanh sarɛu̯³⁵ grill (v) nướng daŋ42ʔ groom (n) chú rể matəm⁴⁴ grumpy, surly cáu, gắt manᵒɔ̆k⁵⁵ guava ổi ʔoi̯⁴²ˀ guest, visitor khách tamɔi̯³⁵ gums lợi (nướu) lĭɲ³⁵ hail (n) mưa đá cɨ̆ŋ³⁵ kəi̯⁴⁴ hair tóc kəi̯⁴²ˀ half nửa tʰɔŋ³⁵ hammer búa tahɔl³⁵ pə⁴⁴ handbag túi xách tʰᵒuŋ³⁵ handspan gang tay (để đo) sakaŋ³⁵ si³⁵ happy, glad vui sapui̯³⁵ harvest (v), reap gặt kɛ̆c55 harvest season mùa gặt ɲəm³⁵ kăc⁵⁵ hat mũ muək⁴⁴ hate ghét rak⁴⁴ hate (v) thù kɛ55 khɛn42ʔ have có kɔ42ʔ have a cold cảm to44 hɛn35 have diarrhea ỉa chảy kĭc⁵⁵ dak⁴⁴ hawk (n) diều hâu kalaŋ⁴²ˀ he, she hắn hăn⁴²ˀ he/she (the third person singular) nó no⁴²ˀ head đầu kalŏk⁵⁵ head of the hamlet chủ làng cău̯42ʔ ban42ʔ hear nghe ŋit⁴⁴ heart tim tɔ̆ŋ³⁵ heavy nặng ʔanăŋ⁴²ˀ heel gót chân kaluc⁴⁴ cĭɲ³⁵ hen gà mái ka³⁵ me⁴²ˀ hen (that is laying eggs) gà đẻ ka³⁵ tɛ⁴⁴ tarul⁴²ˀ hide (v) nấp dən42ʔ hill đồi padol⁴²ˀ hip, side hông hoŋ³⁵ hit, beat đánh pɔ44 hoarfrost sương muối maŋɔŋ³⁵ bɔi̯⁴²ˀ hoe cuốc kuək⁴⁴ hoe for grass cuốc cỏ kuək⁴⁴ pɨ̆n³⁵ hold cầm nɨ̆m42ʔ hold in one’s arms ôm kavə̆l42ʔ hole lỗ kɨp⁴⁴ honeybee ong mật patɔ³⁵ hoof (of a buffalo or cow) móng (trâu, bò) kasăm³⁵ hook (n) lưỡi câu lai̯⁴⁴plɛ⁴²ˀ horn (of a buffalo) sừng (trâu) takɔi̯³⁵ hornet ong bò vẽ kɔl³⁵ horse ngựa ma⁴⁴ ŋə⁴²ˀ hot nóng pat⁴⁴ house nhà kanɔ⁴²ˀ house lizard thạch sùng cɔ̆k⁵⁵ cɔ̆k⁵⁵ how (manner) thế nào pi⁴⁴ mɨ³⁵ how much, how many bao nhiêu rə̆u̯³⁵ mɨ³⁵ humus đất mùn ʔatăk⁵⁵ pʰŭŋ³⁵ hunt (v) đi săn ʔəc44 kan42ʔ hurt (adj), sick đau katu³⁵ husband chồng kuɲ⁴²ˀ husk trấu kalap⁴⁴ hut chòi (rẫy) karu³⁵ I tôi kə⁴²ˀ if nếu kʰə̆n⁴⁴ ignore chối de44 lə̆p55 ill, sick ốm nəm³⁵ indigenous medicine thuốc dân tộc kaza⁴²ˀ kri⁴⁴ inside trong kalɔŋ³⁵ intestines ruột rɔc⁴⁴ invite mời sən44 invite rủ (đi chơi) kacɛ̆ɲ35 iron (mineral) sắt kalɛ̆c⁵⁵ itchy ngứa ʔaŋa⁴²ˀ January tháng 1 tara³⁵ moc⁴⁴ javelin cái lao băl³⁵ jealous ghen hɨəŋ⁴²ˀ joint (of the body) khớp tut⁴⁴ cəŋ³⁵ jug, pitcher vại ʔăŋ⁴²ˀ July tháng 7 tara³⁵ păi̯⁴⁴ jump nhảy sɔc44 June tháng 6 tara³⁵ parău̯⁴²ˀ jungle banana chuối rừng kalɔi̯³⁵ keep, guard gác, coi ɲəm35 kerchiəf khăn đội đầu hɛ⁴⁴ pado³⁵ kick đá te42ʔ kidney thận χalăŋ³⁵/kʰalăŋ³⁵ kill giết ziət44 knee đầu gối kalŏk⁵⁵/klŏk⁵⁵ takul⁴²ˀ knife dao kadut⁴⁴ knife (machete-shaped) dao rựa bra⁴²ˀ kavoŋ³⁵ knit đan (nan) taɲ³⁵ knock gõ kɔ44 kɔ44 knuckle đốt ngón tay palɔŋ⁴²ˀ cəŋ³⁵ si³⁵ knuckle someone, press on someone with one’s knuckles cốc χ/kʰɔ̆ŋ⁴²ˀ ladder thang (lên sàn) kacəŋ⁴²ˀ ladle muôi sadɔ³⁵ ladle (v), scoop (v) múc pɨ̆k55 lake hồ nɔŋ³⁵ lame thọt kʰə⁴⁴ lăk⁵⁵ kʰə⁴⁴ lɛu̯⁴²ˀ lamp đèn tʰiən³⁵ land leech vắt palem³⁵ landlord chủ (nhà) cău̯⁴²ˀ lard (for cooking) mỡ ăn ntu³⁵ ʔăn³⁵ large bowl bát to ʔo³⁵ large flat basket nia dɔ̆ŋ42ʔ krɨŋ35 large intestine ruột già rɔc⁴⁴ kara³⁵ latch (n) then cài sarə̆ŋ³⁵ kʰăt⁵⁵ laugh (v) cười hɛ̆ɲ42ʔ lead (mineral) chì tarak⁴⁴ lead, guide dẫn, hướng dẫn cun35 leaf lá sala⁴²ˀ leafstalk, petiole cuống lá kadɔŋ⁴⁴ sala⁴²ˀ learn học riən35 leech đỉa palĭɲ³⁵ left side (bên) trái vɛl⁴²ˀ leg, foot chân cĭɲ³⁵ lemon chanh mak⁴⁴ nau̯⁴⁴ lemongrass, citronella sả kot⁴⁴ sin³⁵ lick liếm alɛm42ʔ liə (v), trick (v) dối, lừa cahə̆u̯³⁵ liə down nằm lăm35 light (a fire) châm (lửa) cŭm42ʔ light (adj) nhẹ saŋɛl⁴²ˀ light sky trời sáng ʂɨ̆m⁴²ˀ praŋ⁴²ˀ light, clear-broth soup canh kɛ̆ɲ44 lightning chớp sabăl⁴²ˀ like thích mə̆k⁵⁵ lip môi vɔt⁴⁴ listen to nghe thấy ŋit⁴⁴ cɨ̆ŋ³⁵ little finger ngón út kadɔi̯⁴²ˀ vɛ³⁵ live (v) sống salɔ̆ŋ42ʔ liver gan lᵒɔm³⁵ lizard thằn lằn talɔ³⁵ lock (n) khóa kʰwa⁴²ˀ locust cào cào ɲɔi̯⁴⁴ loincloth khố satɔi̯⁴²ˀ long dài zəl³⁵ look at nhìn nem35 look for, search tìm, kiếm sɔ44 lose, be defeated thua suə35 louse chấy ci⁴²ˀ louse, body louse rận kasip⁴⁴ lung phổi so⁴⁴ main post (in a home structure) cột cái sa⁴⁴ zul³⁵ kɨ̆l³⁵ malaria sốt rét nəm³⁵ klɔŋ⁴²ˀ man đàn ông de⁴⁴ kuɲ⁴²ˀ mango xoài mak⁴⁴ muəŋ⁴²ˀ manioc, cassava sắn (mì) mi⁴⁴ many, much nhiều ɲiu̯³⁵ March tháng 3 tara³⁵ pa³⁵ marrow tủy ʔɔŋ⁴²ˀ cəŋ³⁵ mat chiếu ɲcan⁴²ˀ mattress nệm sanɔn⁴⁴ May tháng 5 tara³⁵ dăm³⁵ measure (v) đo thek44 medicine thuốc chữa bệnh kaza⁴²ˀ kʰuə³⁵ paɲət⁴⁴ meet gặp χ/kʰamə42ʔ melon dưa kɛl³⁵ mince, chop băm pə̆k55 pə̆k55 mine (of minerals) mỏ (kim loại) bɔ³⁵ mirror gương kacŭk⁵⁵ miscarry, have a miscarriage sẩy thai palə⁴⁴ miss, long for nhớ, khao khát saʔɔm35 mole, beauty spot nốt ruồi kĭc⁵⁵ marɔi̯³⁵ moniter lizard kỳ đà riə⁴²ˀ monkey khỉ mɔm⁴²ˀ month tháng tara³⁵ moon (mặt) trăng măt⁵⁵ tara³⁵ mortar cối takol⁴²ˀ mosquito muỗi mɔi̯⁴⁴ mother mẹ mȩ⁴²ˀ mother-in-law– (husband’s mother) mẹ chồng mȩ⁴²ˀ kuɲ⁴²ˀ mother–-in-law (wife’s mother) mẹ vợ mȩ⁴²ˀ ke⁴²ˀ mountain núi ŋkɔŋ³⁵ mouse, rat chuột lɨ̆k⁵⁵ moustache, whiskers ria tamuɲ³⁵ sɛ⁴⁴ maɲɛ⁴²ˀ mouth miệng mɛ̆ɲ⁴²ˀ mud bùn tabuk⁴⁴ muscle bắp thịt bŭŋ⁴²ˀ sit⁴⁴ mushoom nấm bɔc⁴⁴ musical instrument đàn dɨl³⁵ mute, dumb câm kɨk⁴⁴ nape, back of the head gáy kadɔt⁴⁴ narrow hẹp kep⁴⁴ navel rốn pasuɲ⁴²ˀ near gần ɲŭk⁵⁵ neck cổ katɔŋ⁴²ˀ need to go (urinate, defecate) buồn (đái, ỉa) ʔoɲ35 needle kim kim³⁵ net with floaters chài cəl³⁵ new mới tamɔ³⁵ nice, beautiful đẹp hăi̯³⁵ night đêm taŋɔp⁴⁴ night-time ban đêm taŋɔp⁴⁴ nine chín cin⁴²ˀ no, not không, chẳng dȩ⁴⁴ nose mũi mui̯⁴⁴ not yet chưa hom³⁵ November tháng mười một tara³⁵ mɨi̯³⁵ moc⁴⁴ October tháng 10 tara³⁵ mɨi̯³⁵ ointment cao dán kaza⁴²ˀ katil⁴²ˀ old (of people) già kara³⁵ old (of things) cũ tɨi̯³⁵ old forest rừng già baru⁴²ˀ nahɔ̆ŋ³⁵ old people người già kara35 one một moc⁴⁴ one hundred một trăm moc⁴⁴ rɔi̯⁴²ˀ one hundred and one một trăm lẻ một moc⁴⁴ rɔi̯⁴²ˀ lɛ⁴²ˀ moc⁴⁴ one hundred and ten một trăm mười moc⁴⁴ rɔi̯⁴²ˀ mɨi̯³⁵ one thousand một nghìn moc⁴⁴ pʰə̆n³⁵ one-eyed chột palə̆k⁵⁵ open (a door) mở (cửa) pə44 open (wrapping) mở (gói) padi44 open mouth wide há ha⁴²ˀ opium thuốc phiện pʰin⁴²ˀ orange (fruit) cam kam³⁵ ordinary rice (non-glutinous) lúa tẻ cau̯⁴²ˀ sakɔ³⁵ outside ngoài ʔu⁴⁴ nɔk⁴⁴ owl cú mèo ʔo⁴²ˀ ku⁴²ˀ paddy rice thóc cau̯⁴²ˀ tʰɔk⁴⁴ palm of hand bàn tay kapaŋ⁴²ˀ si³⁵ pangolin tê tê kabol³⁵ papaya đu đủ hŭŋ³⁵ parrot vẹt kwi⁴²ˀ pay back đòi dɔi̯35 peacock công kavoŋ⁴⁴ peanut lạc pɔŋ⁴⁴ pɔŋ⁴⁴ ʔatăk⁵⁵ pebble đá cuội kəi̯⁴⁴ klun³⁵ peel of fruit (n) vỏ quả kabɔk⁴⁴palȩ⁴²ˀ peel off bark lột vỏ (cây) kalak44 kabɔk44 people, citizen dân, dân làng pasa⁴⁴ son⁴⁴ ban⁴²ˀ person, human người malɛ̆ɲ³⁵ pestle chày sare³⁵ phlegm, sputum đờm kʰa⁴⁴ ɲɨ³⁵ pick up food (with chopsticks) gắp thức ăn kɛp44 pick/thresh rice (by hand) tuốt lúa (bằng tay) haj42ʔ pigsty chuồng lợn kʰɔk⁴⁴ kul⁴²ˀ pillow gối mɔn³⁵ pimple, spot on skin mụn trứng cá kasiu̯³⁵ pineapple dứa mak⁴⁴ năt⁵⁵ placenta nhau thai sɛl⁴²ˀ plate đĩa kabɛ⁴²ˀ plough (n) cày tʰăi̯³⁵ poisoned trúng độc tăk55 kaza42ʔ poke (with a stick) chọc (bằng gậy) cɔ̆k55 pomelo bưởi pŭk⁵⁵ pond ao bŭŋ⁴²ˀ dak⁴⁴ popcorn bỏng pɔ̆ŋ⁴²ˀ porcupine nhím kel⁴⁴ porridge, soup cháo ʔaloŋ⁴²ˀ poultice, cataplasm thuốc đắp kaza⁴²ˀ kadăp⁵⁵ pound (rice) giã (gạo) kalu44 pounded uncooked rice gạo cau̯⁴²ˀ manə⁴⁴ pray cúng căm42ʔ pregnant có thai me⁴²ˀ pŭŋ³⁵ pregnant có chửa pŭŋ35 press (v) đè tadim35 promise (v) hứa ph ə̆t55 pull out kéo ra təi̯⁴²ˀ lo⁴⁴ pull up, uproot (a tree) nhổ (cây) ro44 pull/press a trigger bóp cò bip44 pumpkin bí ngô sapil³⁵ punch (v) đấm tɨ̆p55 punish phạt măi̯35 purlin (in a roof) đòn tay tapɛl³⁵ pus mủ palɨ̆ŋ³⁵ push đẩy ɲui̯44 put out, extinguish (fire) tắt (lửa) pasĭt55 put something into bỏ vào təm35 lɔn35 raft bè pe³⁵ rafter rui kɔn⁴⁴ rain (v, n) mưa cɨ̆ŋ³⁵ kəi̯⁴⁴ rainbow cầu vồng roŋ³⁵ rainy season mùa mưa ɲəm³⁵ cɨ̆ŋ³⁵ rake, harrow bừa bɨə³⁵ rattan mây pɨ̆n⁴²ˀ rattan (large) song karɔŋ³⁵ ravine khe hɔŋ⁴²ˀ dit⁴⁴ recover from illness khỏi bệnh het⁴⁴ katu³⁵ red đỏ tɔ⁴⁴ relatives họ hàng rɔk44 rɔŋ35 remember nhớ (không quên) ɲə42ʔ request (v) xin kʰɔ35 resin, sap nhựa cây tamu⁴²ˀ sarə̆ŋ³⁵ rest nghỉ saŋa44 return, to come back về vin35 reward (v) thưởng bun35 rib xương sống cəŋ³⁵ carɔŋ⁴²ˀ rice (husked) gạo manə⁴⁴ rice (unhusked) lúa cau̯⁴²ˀ tʰɔk⁴⁴ rice fiəld, paddy fiəld ruộng rɔŋ⁴²ˀ rice stubble rạ takŭk⁵⁵ sɔk^%⁵ rice wine (drunk from a jar with tubes) rượu cần kɨ̆n42ʔ tuk44 right side (bên) phải tăm³⁵ right, correct đúng tăk⁵⁵ river sông me⁴²ˀ dak⁴⁴ riverbank bờ sông kem³⁵ dak⁴⁴ road, way đường đi ʔura⁴²ˀ ʔəc⁴⁴ roast (v) rang kave35 roll (intr.) lăn palŭŋ35 roof mái katoŋ³⁵ kanɔ⁴²ˀ root rễ rɛl⁴⁴ rope dây thừng kasi⁴²ˀ zə̆p⁵⁵ rotten, stink (v) thối taʔum³⁵ rough (of texture) xù xì kusə̧t⁴⁴ round tròn kalun³⁵ run chạy azə̆l42ʔ sad, bored buồn ʔᵒŭk⁵⁵ saliva nước bọt dak⁴⁴ cə⁴²ˀ salt muối bɔi̯⁴²ˀ salty (canh) mặn cɔŋ⁴²ˀ same giống (nhau) pi44 sand cát karəŋ³⁵ sandal dép kəp⁴⁴ saw cưa lɨə⁴²ˀ scaly skin disease hắc lào ʔulak⁴⁴ scarf khăn quàng hɛ⁴⁴ kalɔŋ⁴²ˀ scissors kéo kɛu̯⁴²ˀ scoop (cooked rice) xúc (cơm) pɨ̆k55 scorpion bọ cạp mɛŋ⁴⁴ ŋɔt⁴⁴ scrub out (when taking a bath) kì cọ (khi tắm) rŭk55 scrub, clean chà xát, làm sạch cət44 sea, ocean biển tʰa⁴⁴ le̠⁴⁴ season (n) mùa (mưa, khô) ɲəm³⁵ second wife vợ lẽ ke⁴²ˀ hal³⁵ see thấy, nhìn thấy cɨ̆ŋ35 leu̯42ʔ see nhìn thấy nem35 cɨ̆ŋ35 seed hạt kazaŋ⁴²ˀ sell bán paɲ42ʔ September tháng 9 tara³⁵ cin⁴²ˀ sesame seed vừng, mè ravɨ̆ŋ⁴⁴ seven bảy păi̯⁴⁴ sew khâu kabit44 shake (v) rung zu⁴⁴ zu^$⁴ shaman thầy cúng cău̯⁴²ˀ căm⁴²ˀ sharp sắc lə̆p⁵⁵ sharpen (chopsticks, stakes) vót (đũa, chông) kɔc44 shave, scrape cạo  χ/kʰut44 shirt áo ʔau̯⁴²ˀ shoe giầy kəp⁴⁴ măk⁵⁵ tŭk⁵⁵ shoot bắn pĭɲ42ʔ short, not long ngắn tadŏt⁵⁵ short, not tall thấp zul⁴²ˀ shoulder vai salaŋ³⁵ shoulder bag túi đeo tʰŭŋ³⁵ tɛu̯³⁵ shower, rain mưa rào cɨ̆ŋ³⁵ ra³⁵ shrimp tôm som³⁵ shut one’s mouth ngậm miệng kabim⁴²ˀ shut, close đóng kadăl35 sickle liềm liəm³⁵ silver bạc prăk⁵⁵ sin⁴²ˀ sing hát χ/kʰăp55 sink (n), basin chậu kaban³⁵ sink (v) chìm kalĭɲ42ʔ sip porridge húp cháo huc44 aloŋ42ʔ sit ngồi sadu44 six sáu parău̯⁴²ˀ/prău̯⁴²ˀ skin da karot⁴⁴ skirt váy ɲcɛm⁴²ˀ sky trời ʂɨ̆m⁴²ˀ slap tát tapa44 slave nô lệ, đầy tớ kʰi⁴⁴ kʰɔi̯⁴²ˀ sleep ngủ lăm35 taŋec44 slice, cut up (meat) thái sɔi̯35 slip, skid trượt salac44 small nhỏ, bé dit⁴⁴ small intestine ruột non roc⁴⁴ kanɔn³⁵ small jar ché tuk44 small post/column (in home structure) cột con sa⁴⁴zul³⁵ dit⁴⁴ smell, sniff ngửi huɲ35 smoke (n) khói kahɔi̯⁴²ˀ smoke (tobacco) hút thuốc dup44 hɨt44 smoke something over fire sấy karɔ44 smooth (adj) nhẵn, bóng mahac⁴⁴ snail ốc kaco⁴⁴ snail (giant African land snail) ốc sên kalɔ⁴²ˀ snake rắn sazal⁴²ˀ snakehead fish cá lóc ka⁴²ˀ kɨ̆l³⁵ snore ngáy saŋɔl⁴²ˀ snot, nasal mucus nước mũi dak⁴⁴ mui̯⁴⁴ socks xà cạp lɔŋ⁴⁴ tʰə̆u̯⁴²ˀ sole (of one’s foot) bàn chân kapaŋ⁴²ˀ cĭɲ³⁵ some, a few vài vai̯³⁵ soot bồ hóng mɔ̆ŋ⁴⁴ hɔ̆ŋ⁴²ˀ soul linh hồn ravəi̯⁴²ˀ sour chua co⁴²ˀ south nam ba⁴⁴ kʰaŋ⁴²ˀ măt⁵⁵ sow seeds trỉa hạt (tra hạt) pit44 space under the floor gầm sàn karum³⁵ space, partition gian hɔŋ⁴²ˀ sparrow chim sẻ ʔo⁴²ˀ rĭc⁵⁵ speak, say, tell nói ʔin35 spear giáo bol⁴²ˀ spicy cay hăl³⁵ spider nhện kŭŋ⁴²ˀ spine xương sườn cəŋ³⁵ sarĕɲ³⁵ spirit, god thần cău̯⁴²ˀ bru⁴²ˀ spit (v) nhổ kazu⁴⁴ spit, hawk (v) khạc kahak⁴⁴ split (firewood, bamboo) bổ (củi) pə44 split in two (bamboo) bổ, chẻ (tre) pə⁴⁴/ cɛ44 spoon thìa tʰiə³⁵ squint-eyed, cross-eyed lác tasɨəŋ⁴⁴ stand (intr.) đứng tɨ̆ŋ42ʔ star ngôi sao kalo³⁵ steal ăn cắp lom42ʔ steam (v) đồ (xôi), hấp tahot44 step (v) bước sazaŋ42ʔ stick (n), staff gậy katəŋ⁴²ˀ stick to poke holes gậy chọc lỗ samɔn⁴²ˀ stilt house nhà sàn kanɔ⁴²ˀ zul³⁵ stomach dạ dày pʰŭŋ⁴²ˀ stone đá kəi̯⁴⁴ storehouse nhà kho kanɔ⁴²ˀ kʰăŋ⁴⁴ storm bão pʰa⁴⁴ ɲu⁴²ˀ straight thẳng, thật sadăŋ³⁵ straw rơm sɔk⁴⁴ stream, creek suối hɔŋ⁴²ˀ strong tobacco (Nicotiana rustica) thuốc lào hɨt⁴⁴ cɛ³⁵ stuck vấp satᵒui̯44 stuffed-up, stuffy (of one’s nose) ngạt mũi tăn³⁵ mui̯⁴⁴ stumble over one’s words ngọng ŋɔŋ⁴²ˀ stump (of a tree) gốc takŭk⁵⁵ stutter (v) nói lắp və̆u̯⁴²ˀ talăp⁵⁵ suckle bú ʔu42ʔ sugar đường ăn năm⁴⁴ tan³⁵ sugar apple, sweetsop na (mãng cầu) pale⁴²ˀ na³⁵ sun mặt trời măt⁵⁵ kol³⁵ sunrise mặt trời mọc măt⁵⁵ kol³⁵ tabɔ̆ŋ⁴²ˀ sunset mặt trời lặn măt⁵⁵ kol³⁵ plin⁴²ˀ sunshine ánh nắng sɛ̆ɲ⁴⁴ karaŋ³⁵ surname họ (tên) sakŏn³⁵ surname tên (họ) samɨ̆l⁴⁴ sweat (n) mồ hôi pahu³⁵ sweep, clean with a broom quét pel44 sweet ngọt mbat⁴⁴ sweet potato khoai lang kɛu̯³⁵ swell (v), swollen sưng kə̆i̯44 swidden fiəld rẫy ʂə44 swim bơi ʔupə42ʔ table bàn to42ʔ tail đuôi tɔi̯35 take (by hand); marry (someone) lấy le̜42ʔ tall, high cao zun35 tangerine quýt tăt55 taro khoai sọ marak⁴⁴ teach dạy sɔn35 tear (v) xé ze44 tears nước mắt dak44 măt55 teenager thiếu niên manɛ35 tell (a story) kể chuyện saphɨn44 tell storiəs kể chuyện lə̆u̯⁴²ˀ lɨəŋ⁴²ˀ temple thái dương katɛp44 ten mười mɨi̯35 tendon, vein gân kaɲil42ʔ termite mối kamul44 terrace fiəld nương suən³⁵ terraced fiəld ruộng bậc thang rɔŋ42ʔ kaphə̆k55 textile fibers sợi dệt kasi⁴²ˀ tăm⁴²ˀ that/those, over there kia ʔu44 na⁴²ˀ thatch tấm tranh cam35 salɔ35 thatch grass cỏ tranh pɨ̆n³⁵ tapai̯⁴²ˀ the day after tomorrow ngày kia ɲa44 moc44 they chúng nó, họ cu42ʔ pa35 they người ta malɛɲ44 pa35 thick dày sakɨ̆n35 thigh đùi tapel35 thin (of people), gaunt gầy cɔm42ʔ thin (of things), fine mỏng pasăŋ35 think nghĩ χ/kʰɨ̆t55 this này ni44 this, here đây tani35 thorn gai də̆m42ʔ thread chỉ kasi42ʔ kabit44 threaten dọa ʔăm44 nat44 three ba pa35 three days ago hôm kìa kuten35 tɨi̯35 throat cuống họng karɔŋ42ʔ throw, fling ném tɔ44 throw, hurl (a javelin) phóng (lao) sarɔŋ³⁵ thumb ngón cái kadɔj42ʔ kami42ʔ thunder sấm ʂɨ̆m42ʔ răŋ35 thunderbolt sét ʂɨ̆m⁴²ˀ pə⁴⁴ thusly, in that manner thế, vậy pi⁴⁴ nə⁴²ˀ tiə in bundle bó kabăt55 tiə, bind buộc zə̆k55 tiger hổ mɛu̯35 timber rafter kèo (xà nhà bằng gỗ) sa35 ɲuə44 toad cóc kɔt44 nrɔ̆k55 today hôm nay kutə35 tomato cà chua cahaŋ35 cɔ42ʔ tomorrow ngày mai kucɔk44 tongs đũa cả sadam42ʔ tongue lưỡi lai̯44 Tonkin cane, Arundinaria Amabilis giang kataŋ35 tooth răng kasăŋ35 top of the roof nóc katoŋ35 torch đuốc karɔk44 trail (n) đường mòn ʔura42ʔ mɔn35 transplant (as of seedlings) cấy pit44 transverse beam, tiə-beam xà ngang paraŋ35 trap (n) cái bẫy pə̆l44 treat/cure illness chữa bệnh χ/kʰuə44 paɲət44 tree cây kɨ̆l35 tree-frog nhái kɔt44 karaŋ35 trip (v) khoèo kʰwɛu̯⁴²ˀ tripod (for cooking) kiềng χ/kʰiəŋ35 trough (for pigs) máng lợn kapɔŋ35 kul42ʔ trousers quần soŋ42ʔ trumpet khèn χ/kʰɛn35 trunk (of a tree) thân cây lăm35 sarə̆ŋ35 trust, beliəve tin sɨə35 tube to blow fire, bellows ống thổi lửa diŋ³⁵ tun⁴²ˀ kui̯⁴⁴ tube used to plant ống trỉa sarə̆ŋ35 bə44 tuberculosis ho lao χ/kʰa44 ɲɨ35 turn (when travelling) rẽ, quẹo vɛ44 turn up/lift one’s head ngẩng đầu ŋəŋ42ʔ klɔ̆k55 turtle ba ba rɔ35 pɨ̆n35 turtle, turtoise rùa rɔ35 tusk (of an elephant) ngà voi ŋə35 zɨ42ʔ twenty hai mươi hal35 mɨi̯35 twenty-one hai mươi mốt hal35 mɨi̯35 moc44 two hai hal35 two days after tomorrow ngày kìa ɲal44 moc44 si44 two days ago hôm kia kuten35 two hundred hai trăm hal35 rɔi̯42ʔ uncle (father’s older brother) bác (anh bố) lŭŋ⁴²ˀ uncle (father’s younger brother) chú (em bố) pɔ42ʔ uncle (mother’s younger brother) cậu ku42ʔ untiə cởi (dây) padi44 urinate đái tɛ42ʔ valley thung lũng bŭŋ42ʔ vegetable rau kot44 village, hamlet làng, bản, thôn ban42ʔ wade lội praŋ35 wall vách ratɨ̆ŋ42ʔ want muốn mə̆n35 warts mào gà sakɨ̆l35 ka35 wash rửa vəc44 wash, clean oneself gội kuca35 watch (v) xem nem35 water nước dak44 water melon dưa hấu kɛl35 mo44 water pipe ống nước diŋ35 dak44 water source nguồn nước ŋun³⁵ dak⁴⁴ water spinach rau muống kot⁴⁴ muəŋ³⁵ water trough máng nước kapɔŋ³⁵ dak⁴⁴ waterfall thác tat44 wax gourd, winter melon bí xanh run³⁵ we (exclusive) chúng tôi cău̯42ʔ we (inclusive) chúng ta cu42ʔ cău̯42ʔ wear (a turban) vấn (khăn) kalɔŋ42ʔ wear on one’s head đội (mũ, nón) sadu35 weave (cloth) dệt (vải) tăm42ʔ weaving looms khung cửi hoŋ35 tăm42ʔ wedding đám cưới dam42ʔ sadɔŋ35 well (n) giếng saŋ35 west tây măt55 kol35 plin42ʔ wet ướt sazɔk44 what gì neu̯35 ti35 when khi nào hui̯35 mɨ35 where đâu ʔu44 mɨ35 white trắng lɔk44 white of one’s eyes lòng trắng mắt klɔŋ44 lɔk44 măt55 white sesame vừng trắng ravɨ̆ŋ44 lɔk44 who ai nᵉɛ³⁵ wide rộng kwaŋ42ʔ wife vợ ke̜42ʔ wild chicken gà rừng ka35 bru42ʔ wild goose ngan ŋan³⁵ win thắng pe42ʔ wind (n) gió kazɔ42ʔ window cửa sổ tabo44 bɔŋ35 wine rượu trắng kɨ̆n42ʔ lɔk44 wing cánh chim sapɛ̆ɲ35 ʔo42ʔ winnow (v) sảy ʔu44 pɨ44 winnowing basket giần χ/kʰŭŋ35 ɲit55 with với nə̆m35 wolf chó sói cɔ42ʔ ʈɔl42ʔ woman đàn bà de44 ka42ʔ womb dạ con sapŭŋ35 kadɛ42ʔ wood gỗ sarə̆ŋ35⁵ woodeater mọt mɔt⁴⁴ wooden bell mõ trâu kɔ̆ŋ42ʔ salu35 work (v) làm việc mɛ35 vik44 worm sâu kapi35 worm (in intestines) giun (trong bụng) palun35 klɔŋ35 rɔc44 worry (v) sợ malə35 write viết χ/kʰiən35 wrong sai sai̯44 yam root củ nâu madu⁴⁴ yard sân lət44 yawn (v) ngáp saŋap44 year năm sanăm35 years old tuổi ʔuɲu⁴²ˀ yeast men rượu pado35 kɨ̆n42ʔ yellow vàng ŋɛl42ʔ yesterday hôm qua kude35 you mày căk35 you (plural) chúng mày cu42ʔ pri35 young trẻ num35 young antler nhung takɔi̯³⁵ kanɔi̯³⁵ young man nam thanh niên bau̯35 young woman nữ thanh niên pha44 mai̯42ʔ younger brother em trai ʔɛm44 bau̯35 younger sister em gái ʔɛm44 pha44 mai̯42ʔ youth người trẻ malɛ̆ɲ44 nŏm42ʔ 1 Nguyễn Hữu Hoành is the primary author of the article, while Vũ Thị Hải Hà and Bùi Thị Ngọc Anh are corresponding authors. --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ Nguyễn, Vũ, & Bùi | The Phonological System of Kri Phoong | JSEALS 19.1 (2026) 3 Copyright vested in the author; Creative Commons Attribution License