Effects of neuroendocrine on the immune and metabolic functions of <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em> under high nitrite conditions
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2025
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77
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In recent years, nitrite toxicity has become a significant concern in shrimp aquaculture, affecting cultured species' health and productivity. Herein, we investigated the impacts of nitrite on the immune and metabolic functions of Litopenaeus vannamei and assessed the impacts of eyestalk hormone on these parameters when shrimp were cultured under high nitrite conditions. After exposure of L. vannamei to nitrite-N at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 mg/L, and unilateral eyestalk-ablated shrimp only to nitrite-N at 10 mg/L for 48 h, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, antibacterial activity, bacteriolytic activity, oxyhemocyanin, lactate, and glucose contents were measured. Oxyhemocyanin levels decreased as the nitrite-N concentrations increased, while lactate and glucose levels increased. This indicated that conversion from aerobic to anaerobic respiratory metabolism is exacerbated by hypoxia-induced nitrite stress to ensure that readily metabolizable energy stores are available to meet increased energy demand. The decrease in PO levels, antibacterial activity, and bacteriolytic activity in the hemolymph indicated that the physiological and immunological responses of L. vannamei was impaired by subjection to nitrite-N. Under the same nitrite-N conditions, eyestalk ablation caused a remarkable decrease in glucose, lactate, and PO levels, compared with those detected in the non-ablated eyestalk group. These findings suggest that the eyestalk hormone in L. vannamei increases metabolic and immune responses as a protective mechanism against nitrite-N stress.
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eyestalk hormone, immunological response, neuroendocrine, nitrite stress, Litopenaeus vannamei
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The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh
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