Rapa Nui Journal Volume 17 Issue 2

Moai Sightings

What's New in the Pacific

What's New in Hanga Roa

EASTER ISLAND

Jennifer Vanderbes, 2003

New York: The Dial Press. 308 pp. hardback ISBN 0-385-33673-X

Review by Scott Nicolay

"EARTH ISLAND"... TEN YEARS LATER

A comparative review of The Enigmas of Easter Island by John Flenley & Paul Bahn (Oxford University Press, 2002); 256 pp., ill., 16 color plate ($21.00).

Review by Shawn McLaughlin

Easter Island or Rapa Nui by Reverend Father Hippolyte Roussel. Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Picpus Missionary on Easter Island from 1866 to 1873.

Extract from the Annals of the Sacred Heart (February-April-June 1926), introduction by Father Idlefonse Alazard, SS-CC. Office of Annals of the Sacred Hearts, Braine-le-Comte (Belgium), and Paris XIIth

Translated by Ann M. Altman

Reverend Father Hippolyte Roussel of the Sacred Hearts of Picpus, to whom we owe most of the credit for converting the natives of Rapa Nui to Christianity between 1866 and 1873, left some notes about this strange land in the Pacific that deserve to be published. These notes, made in 1869, are a precious contribution to historic studies and they are the fruits of his observations and research into the details of the lives of the natives which were characterized, alas, not only by the savage brutality of man's worst instincts but also by the unique and incoherent nature of their customs {Father Ildefonse Alazard, SS-CCJ.

My investigation of the state of veterinary affairs on Rapa Nui began in May, 1998 with a search for an economically important disease of dairy cow (pappilomatous digital dermatitis, PDD) which had been spreading throughout Chile and many other countries. Though PDD was not encountered on Rapa Nui, it was during that survey that I became aware of the much more serious progressive 20-year epidemic of neurological dysfunction and body-condition wasting among the island's horses and cattle (Arzt and Mount 1999; Arzt 2001). At the time, the syndrome was referred to locally as "vaca loca" (= mad cow disease), and was assumed to represent the widely publicized disease of the same name which had recently led to wide spread public panic, direct economic losses of over $8 billion, and necessitated the destruction of millions of cows in Europe. It quickly became apparent that the syndrome was inconsistent with mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) in several aspects.

There is an increasingly widening gap between the potential of Rapa Nui for its economic and cultural development and the seriousness and further deterioration of its management problems, as well as the inability of the present institutional setting to understand, face and solve them appropriately. A statute of autonomy - a condition so widespread at present in the world and not only for remote islands - could be the best starring point, the best trigger, to provide new trends, impetus, approaches and ways of action, and to solve a situation that has become intolerable.

Rongorongo, Easter Island's indigenous script, is represented by twenty-odd known wooden tablets and fragments. Their scarcity is one of the main barriers to the decipherment of the script. Almost all had been discovered and brought to public attention by the end of the nineteenth century. Despite many efforts, no more tablets have been found on the island since then, with the exception of a few fragments hidden in caves and rotted beyond recognition. If any more such artifacts exist, they would be among the few that were collected in the early days of Rapanui exploration and since have disappeared. The following is an account of my attempts to locate one of them, so far without success.

This paper presents an estimate of the number of Jubaea palm trees on Rapa Nui prior to the last clearance of the palm forest: more than 16 million palm trees. The labor requirements for clearance were enormous (a few hundred people were probably employed in this task for six to eight centuries), as well a the acquired amount of wood and the potential volume of the palm's sap (approx. 1,600,000 liter per year?). Possible uses of the palm's sap are discussed.

From July 1934 to April 1935 a Franco-Belgian expedition to Rapa Nui was led by archaeologist Henri Lavachery of the Royal Museums of Art and History (RMAH) and the Swiss ethnographer Alfred Metraux (Lavachery 1935). This team undertook the first extensive ethnographic study (Metraux 1971), started a petroglyph survey (Lavachery 1935b), and excavated some funerary monuments. They also brought back to Europe a moai representing the god Pou Hakanononga which joined the collections of the RMAH (Lavachery 1938).

In March 2001, a new Belgian expedition (Archaeological Investigations on Rapa Nui) took place. It was supported by the National Geographic Society and directed by Nicolas Cauwe and Dirk Huyge of the RMAH.

Laupahoehoe nui is an ahupua 'a (traditional Hawaiian land division) encompassing approximately 2,500 acres in the Hamakua district of Hawai'i Island, with a spectacularly remote and scenic 150-acre coastal terrace that is separated from the extensive upland region by a 1,200 foot-high cliff. To reach the coastal terrace today, one faces the options of an expensive helicopter ride, or kayaking over large swells along the cliff-ridden coastline from Waipi'o Valley, or taking a long and strenuous hike over cliffs and gullies to reach Waimanu Valley, and then picking your way over large loose boulders along the shoreline, crossing landslides at the base of the precipitous cliffs. The hike must be planned so that one traverses the boulder- strewn beaches at low tide, while some surging surf still reaches waist-level. Even then, one needs to cross under the crushing pressure of Kaimu Falls before arriving on the terrace.

"This tool [typology] is designed for the reconstruction of culture history in time and space. This is the beginning and not the end of the archaeologist's responsibility." (Ford 1954a:52).

Jame Ford's decree of the purpose of typologies serves as a model for the following discussion. He believed that typologies are the products of classificatory processes - archaeologists create them in order to bound and define the variability of the empirical world. As such they are powerful tools, and their construction and use is defined by the theoretical framework that is employed to describe reality (Ford 1954a:43).

At the turn of the century W. T. Brigham described the poi pounder as "an implement very prominently identified with Polynesian life: one that had it beginnings with the race and which will perhaps be the last of ancient things to fall from the hands of the dying people" (1902:36). Indeed, traditional poi pounders continue to be used in Hawai'i even today. In fact, they are among the most celebrated Hawaiian antiquities, a symbol of strength in Hawaiian culture.

Archaeological investigations began in Samoa in 1957 when Jack Golson excavated some settlements and mound on 'Upolu (Green and Davidson 1969:3). In the 1960s, Roger Green initiated an archaeological investigation program on Western Samoa (Green and Davidson 1969,1974 Green 2002:125-152). These projects were followed by a research program inaugurated by Jesse D. Jennings (and others) from 1974 to 1977 (Jennings et al 1976, Jenning and Holmer 1980, Jennings et al 1982).

This issue of Rapa Nui Journal includes reports on various projects and endeavors across a broad area of Polynesia: Samoa to Hawai'i to Rapa Nui. From Samoa comes a report by Helene Martinsson-Wallin, Geoffrey Clark and Paul Wallin concerning their archaeological project at Pulemelei Mound, Savai'i. Their Samoan research is continuing and we hope to have updates in the future.