Hawaiian Archaeology Volume 09
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ItemBook Review of 'Cliffs of Keolewa' to the 'Sea of Papaloa': An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Portions of the Kalaupapa National Historical Park, Moloka'i, Hawaiian Islands.( 2004-06-01)This monograph comprises an engaging and informative summary of an archaeological reconnaissance at Kalaupapa National Historical Park (KNHP) in Moloka 'i, conducted in 2000 in partnership between the National Park Service and the University of California at Berkeley, Archaeological Research Facility. This work is but one of the scores of archaeological reconnaissance projects undertaken in one place or another in the archipelago by numerous researchers in recent years, but the published report is noteworthy for at least three reasons: 1.) the publication makes the information available to a wide audience; 2.) this work establishes a new baseline for archaeological investigations in the area; and 3.) it serves as an excellent example of how archaeological research reports can be prepared.
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ItemHow to Fix the Inventory Survey Rule( 2004-06-01)In these brief comments I argue that it is in the public interest for the Society for Hawaiian Archaeology to debate changes in the inventory survey rule and then to lobby for their adoption by the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD). I outline the case for simplifying the inventory survey rule and strengthening the role of the research community in everyday archaeological work.
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Item"Setting the Record Straight" for Cachola-Abad and Ayau( 2004-06-01)In their article, "He Pane Ho'omalamalama: Setting the Record Straight and a Second Call for Partnership," published in Volume 7 (1999) of Hawaiian Archaeology (73-82), C. Kehaunani Cachola-Abad and Edward Halealoha Ayau accuse me of violating HRS sections §6E-11 and 12 as they pertain to the handling of burials. Their article, while dealing with a host of other concerns, devoted considerable attention to this issue. Their complaint centers on the recovery and analysis of inadvertently discovered human remains at the corner of Pi 'ikoi Street and Kapi'olani Boulevard in Honolulu in early 1994 (hereafter referred to as the Pi 'ikoi case, or just case). The work was done by my organization, International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. (IARII). Cachola-Abad and Ayau believe that recovery of the skeletal remains and subsequent osteological analysis were performed without authorization, and also that a radiocarbon date on a sample of bone was obtained in violation of the law. As indicated in their article, Mike Wilson, former Chairman of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), refused to prosecute IARII or me for these alleged violations, and also the Society for Hawaiian Archaeology (SHA) did not take action against me for the supposed 'defiance' of its code of conduct. Although Cachola-Abad and Ayau indicated strong displeasure with the inaction of Wilson and SHA, their inaction is hardly surprising considering there was no legal transgression or any professional or ethical misconduct. The legal issue, in short, is nonsense, and the misconduct charge has no conceivable basis.
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ItemThe Pohakua Chill Glass Quarry Complex, U.S. Army Pohakua Training Area, Hawai'I Island( 2004-06-01)An archaeological survey in 1998 revealed a large, previously unknown stone quarry complex in the Saddle Region of Hawai 'i Island, within the boundaries of the U.S. Army Pohakuloa Training Area. This quarry complex is the second largest stone tool quarry complex in Hawai 'i, and it has been designated the Pohakuloa Chill Glass Quarry Complex. The complex consists of over 500 quarry localities of varying sizes located on a relatively young and well-dated pahoehoe flow in the eastern portion of Pohakuloa Training Area. Based on radiocarbon dates, the flow probably erupted about A.D. 1625 and was quarried shortly after that time. Initial studies suggest that the raw material was exploited for expedient flake tools and prepared cores. The quarry supplied more material than was needed for local activities, indicating that material may have been transported to lower elevation sites.
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ItemAn Overview of the Archaeological Context of Pohakuloa Training Area in Hawai'i Island( 2004-06-01)A brief overview of the archaeological resources in Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) provides a general context for new investigations in the Saddle Region of Hawai'i Island. A considerable amount of archaeological work has been completed at PTA over the past few decades, and efforts are ongoing to update the accumulated data and to summarize new directions for research. Some of the important research issues include overland transportation, the nature of temporary camps, and the procurement and processing of a variety of rare resources.
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ItemStone Adze Production and Resource Extraction at Pohakuloa, Hawai'i Island( 2004-06-01)Detailed study of adze production sites at Pohakuloa by the University of Hawai 'i Archaeological Field School provided new insights on traditional Hawaiian economic organization. Most importantly, these sites reveal that Mauna Kea basalt was used to manufacture adzes outside of the main quarry. Moreover, there is strong evidence that adze production and use at Pohakuloa was embedded in a broader economy of resource extraction that included bird catching, volcanic glass reduction, and other activities. This pattern of expedient adze production was markedly different than the Mauna Kea system that focused on highly intensified craft specialization. Findings from Pohakuloa confirm that economic models of traditional Hawaiian society must also account for non-specialized modes of production.
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ItemAgriculture on Leeward Hawai'i Island: The Waimea Agricultural System Reconsidered( 2004-06-01)An association of low earthen ridges, crosscutting irrigation channels, and small residential localities on the Waimea Plain was first documented in the 1980s during archaeological survey for proposed highway improvements between Kawaihae and Waimea town. Labeled the Waimea Agricultural System, this complex has been described in the archaeological literature as one of three late preContact agricultural complexes that expanded and intensified agricultural production on leeward Hawai 'i Island. Recent investigations on the upper Waimea Plain indicate a need to reconsider at least the upland part of the field system. First, it is smaller than originally recorded, with some of the field ridges' found to be the result of World War II military activity. Second, much of the irrigation network, which was thought to be a defining component of the Waimea system, appears to be a result of mid to late-19th century commercial agriculture. The remaining earthen field ridges and dispersed residential sites provide evidence for late prehistoric use of the Waimea Plain. The earliest residential locations may date to the early A.D. 1400s, although the greatest concentration of radiocarbon-dated deposits falls in the late 1600s. The paucity of midden remains, multiple overlapping hearths, and minimal investment in structural features at these sites suggest seasonal and/or limited duration of use; most plausibly in support of dryland sweet potato production in nearby fields. The low earthen ridges appear to be windbreak accumulations associated with this or subsequent agricultural practices on the Plain.
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ItemPoi Pounders of Kaua'i Island, Hawai'i: Variability Through Time and Space( 2004-06-01)Hawaiian poi pounders are unique artifacts whose potential to yield useful archaeological information has not been exhausted. Three varieties of poi pounders are recognized today: the common knobbed form, ring pounders, and stirrup pounders, yet a great deal of potential variability exists within the three categories. This research utilizes paradigmatic classification to examine stylistic variability in poi pounder morphology. Seriation is used to investigate patterns of interaction and transmission through time and space among Hawaiian groups. A relative chronology is proposed, in which stirrup pounders are the oldest pounder form, ring pounders are intermediate in age, and knobbed pounders are most recent. The seriations also illustrate a shift from variability to homogeneity, with poi pounders exhibiting more heterogeneity in the distant past and becoming increasingly homogenous through time. This supports the traditional explanation for the occurrence of the ring and stirrup forms on the island of Kaua 'i: they are survivals of an earlier era of Hawaiian prehistory. Spatial analyses indicate that knobbed pounders were more common on the leeward side of the island, while windward pounders were more variable in morphology.
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ItemConsidering Archaeological Indicators of the Rise of Appointed Chiefs and the Feudal-land System in the Hawaiian Islands( 2004-06-01)Two important pre-European changes in the Hawaiian Islands were (1.) the end of control of communities by local kin-group chiefs and their replacement with appointed chiefs, and (2.) the end of land control within communities by kin groups and the rise of a tenant household land system. These changes are discussed in the context of two models of Hawaiian history. One predicts the changes to have gradually occurred together between A.D. 1400 and 1600 and been in place by 1600. The other suggests appointed community chiefs rapidly appeared in the 1400s with the rise of island kingdoms, or perhaps in the 1300s, and that the end of corporate kin groups could have been contemporaneous or occurred centuries later. Inland expansion has been considered an archaeological indicator of these changes. Here it is argued not to be an indicator, and other possibilities are explored. It is concluded that we do not yet know when these two critical changes occurred
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ItemFront Matter, Table of Contents, Editor's Preface, and Back Matter( 2004-06-01)Front Matter, Table of Contents, Editor's Preface, and Back Matter