Volume 67, 2015
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Item Effects of processing method and dietary lysine levels on growth performance, feed conversion ratio and body composition of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella(2015) Gan, Lian; Liu, Yong-Jian; Tian, Li-Xia; Yue, Yi-Rong; Liu, Fu-Jia; Yang, Hui-Jun; Chen, Yong-Jun; Liang, Gui-YinEffects of feed processing method and lysine level on the growth performance of grass carp were evaluated in this study. 13 g kg-1, 15 g kg-1 and 17 g kg-1 lysine level of diet were prepared through (a) extrusion and (b) cold pelleting process, supplemented with crystalline lysine (L-lysine HCL). After 8 weeks of feeding experiment, the results showed that the feed processing method had no effect on growth and on the feed conversion rate of grass carps. Weight gain, protein and amino acids retention, feed efficiency of grass carp fed with the extruded and pelleted feeds were significantly improved by with lysine supplementation (P <0.05). Viscerasomatic index (VSI), hepatopancreasomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF), muscle fat content, whole body fat content, serum high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein of fish were significantly increased when fed extruded diets (P <0.05). This result suggests that extrusion can affect fat metabolism. VSI, HIS IPF, muscle fat content and whole body fat content of grass carp were significantly reduced with supplemented crystalline lysine (P <0.05). Lower serum Aspartate aminotransferase activity and glutamate dehydrogenase activity were observed when fish were fed with extruded diets (P <0.05).Item Utilization of Mung Bean, Vigna radiata (Linnaeus) as a Novel Protein Source in Practical-Type Diets for Juvenile Milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal): Effects on Growth, Feed Efficiency, Body Composition, and Histology of Gut and Liver(2015) Apines-Amar, Mary Jane S.; Coloso, Relicardo M.; Amar, Ma. Novie G.; Golez, Ma. Shirley M.; Bunda, Marj Gem B.; Jaspe, Cecilia J.A 15-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum partial inclusion of mung bean protein in milkfish diet. Six isonitrogenous practical-type diets with mung bean included at 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20% of the diet equivalent to 0%, 3%, 7%, 10%, 13%, and 17% of the total dietary protein, respectively, were formulated. Milkfish with average body weight (ABW) of 8.5 ± 0.23g were distributed in eighteen tanks (6 treatments X 3 replications) with 10 fish each. The fish were fed the diets three times daily. Results showed that growth of milkfish was not adversely affected by the inclusion of mung bean protein at any dietary level. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly improved by the inclusion of mung bean at 20% of the diet. Nutrient compositions of the fish carcass were similar in all diets. Furthermore, no detrimental effects attributable to mung bean inclusion were seen in terms of protein retention, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and liver and midgut histology of the fish. Overall, mung bean is a promising protein source for milkfish and can be included up to 20% of the diet contributing as much as 17% of the total dietary protein without detrimental effects on growth, feed performance, PER, protein retention, HSI, and liver and intestinal histology.Item Effect of Total Fish Meal Replacement with Vegetal Protein Alone or Combined with Rendered Animal Protein on Growth Performance and Tissue Composition of European Catfish (Silurus glanis L.)(2015) Havasi, Máté; Kumar, Shivendra; Nagy, Zoltán; Pál, László; Beliczky, Gábor; Bercsényi, Miklós; Gál, DénesA feeding trial was conducted for six weeks to determine the effect of the replacement of fishmeal (FM) either with vegetal protein (mainly soybean) and rendered animal protein combined or vegetal protein alone on growth and carcass composition of European catfish, Silurus glanis. One hundred and thirty five fish (average weight 70.90±5.10g ±SD) were randomly distributed into three treatments in triplicate. Fish were fed with either of three isonitrogenous (35% crude protein) and isocaloric (16.70 MJ/kg DE) experimental diets. The diets were: fish meal (FM) based diet, fish meal protein replaced with a combination of vegetal protein and rendered animal protein (AP), and fish meal replaced with vegetal protein only (SM). Weight gain (%), specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and apparent net protein utilization of FM diet fed groups were similar (P>0.05) with AP diet fed group being significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the SM group. Feed conversion ratio with FM diet was similar (P < 0.05) to that of the AP diet, and significantly lower than SM diet. The present experiment indicated that vegetal protein alone cannot replace total FM protein in the diet of Silurus glanis, however, vegetal protein and rendered animal protein combined, can replace total fish meal protein, with no detrimental effect on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition.Item Isolation, Identification, and Detection, of the Virulence Factor of Vibrio cholerae in Grass Carp(2015) Teng, Tao; Liang, Liguo; Xie, JunIn this study, we examined the mass mortality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) caused by Vibrio cholerae in Jiangsu Province. We evaluated the phenotypic, morphological, physiological, biochemical, and virulence factor characteristics as well as the drug sensitivity of the CY-1 strain isolated from the liver, spleen, and kidney, of dying grass carp. The 16S rRNA gene (GenBank accession number: KF386612) was amplified and compared with sequences deposited in GenBank. A phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the isolated pathogen was V. cholerae and that it was most closely related to V. cholerae (GenBank accession number: JN555611). Artificially infected grass carp that died exhibited the same disease symptoms as those of naturally infected fish. An amplified band in the corresponding 564-bp position was detected as the virulence factor, and it was the same as that of the V. cholerae virulence factor ctxA. Drug sensitivity tests showed that V. cholerae was resistant to penicillin, tobramycin, cotrimoxazole, and amoxicillin, and was highly sensitive to cefuroxime, amikacin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin. These could possibly be used in the treatment of this disease. The findings of this study can be used as a reference for disease control and health management in the cultivation of C. Idellus.Item New rRNA primers for the detection of Vibrio anguillarum(2015) Avsever, Meriç Lütfi; Tunalıgil, Serra; Didinen, Behire Işıl; Metin, SeçilIn this work, 51 V. anguillarum isolates (42/51 of O1 serotype, 9/51 of O2) obtained from cultivated marine fish by Avsever and Ün (2015) were used. These isolates were confirmed with universal primers specific to amiB genes. They were also detected successfully at a rate of 100% with a new primer couple designed according to 16S ribosomal RNA sequence. The new primers were found to have a high sensitivity and specificity but were liable to give a cross-reaction with Vibrio ordalii.Item Effects of Dietary Isoleucine Levels on the Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, and Serum Biochemical Indices of Juvenile Golden Pompano, Trachinotus ovatus(2015) Huang, Zhong; Lin, Hei-Zhao; , Peng, Jing-Shu; Tan, Xiao-Hong; Zhou, Wen-Chuan; Zhou, Chuan-Peng $Lei, Mei-HuaA 56-day growth trial was conducted to determine the isoleucine requirement of juvenile Trachinotus ovatus. Six diets with different concentrations of L-isoleucine (13.2, 15.7, 18.2, 20.7, 23.2 and 25.7g/kg dry diet, defined as diet Ile-1, diet Ile-2, diet Ile-3, diet Ile-4, diet Ile-5 and diet Ile-6, respectively) were formulated to contain 430g/kg crude protein with fish meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, and pre-coated crystalline amino acids. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate treatments of 20 fish (initial body weight 6.36±0.03g) in seawater floating net cages. Results indicated that weight gain increased with increasing isoleucine concentrations up to 18.2g/kg, whereas diets containing higher isoleucine concentration reduced the growth performance significantly (P<0.05). The highest muscle protein content, protein efficiency ratio, body protein deposition, viscerasomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and lowest feed conversion ratio, serum AST activities were also found in 18.2g/kg dietary isoleucine treatment (P<0.05). The highest lipid content of whole fish was found in 15.7g/kg dietary isoleucine treatment (P<0.05). Survival rates in treatments Ile-5 and Ile-6 were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those in other treatments. Results of polynomial regression based on weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and body protein deposition indicated that the optimal dietary isoleucine requirement for Trachinotus ovatus reared in seawater floating netcages was 17.39-17.50g/kg isoleucine of dry diet, correspondingly 40.4440.70g/kg of dietary protein.Item The Effect of Different Tempos of Music During Feeding, on Growth Performance, Chemical Body Composition, and Feed Utilization of Turbot (Psetta maeotica, Pallas 1814).(2015) Catli, Tuba; Yildirim, Onder; Turker, AliThe effects of different tempos of music on growth, body chemical composition and feeding parameters of turbot (Psetta maeotica, Pallas 1814) were investigated. Turbot (average weight 160.61±1.53 g) were reared in a circulating sea water system for 8 weeks with music playing for 5 hours at each feeding. The music treatments consisted of slow tempo music (adagio; metronome speed 66-76), medium tempo music (moderate; metronome speed 108-120), fast tempo music (allegro; metronome speed 120-168) and control group (no music). Results demonstated that the fast tempo music treatment (FTM, p<0.01) had a negative effect on fish growth, but when slow tempo music (STM) was transmitted, growth improved slightly. Best growth performance was observed when the fish were exposed to slow tempo music. The FTM group showed signs of stress and reduced feed intake. Music transmission significantly affected carcass fat content (p<0.05). No significant effect was observed on protein, ash or moisture content.Item Effects of Trehalose, Bovine Serum Albumin, and Sucrose, on the Integrity of the Plasma Membrane of Pseudosciaena crocea Semen after Cryopreservation(2015) Cheng, Shun; Sheng, Zhang; Zhu, Jun-Quan; Wu, Xiong-FeiCryopreservation and the effect of additives on the plasma membrane stability, motility, enzyme activity, membrane lipid composition, and ultrastructural injury of sperm of Pseudosciaena crocea, were examined in this study. Results indicated that the addition of trehalose (TH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) provided significantly better results in the motility test compared to sucrose. Some BSA groups, showed significantly increased semen motility and effective enzyme activity. There were no significant differences between the cholesterol (CHO) composition for fresh sperm and cryopreserved sperm stored in 3 g/L BSA or 8.56 g/L TH+3 g/L BSA. Ultrastructural injury included damaged membrane, lost mitochondria, or broken flagella, whereas the majority of the freeze-thawed sperm remained morphologically normal. In conclusion, the addition of 3 g/L BSA and 8.56 g/L TH+3 g/L BSA significantly increased semen qualityItem Effect of the Substitution of Fish Oil with a Mixture of Plant-Based Oils in Diets of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) Fingerlings on Growth, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Excretion(2015) Reyes, Mirna Leandra Enríquez; Velázquez, Esmeralda Analleli Ramírez; Hernández, Luis Héctor Hernández; Araiza, Mario Alfredo FernándezA feeding trial was performed to determine the effect of substituting fish oil with a 1:1 mixture of soybean and linseed oil on growth, phosphorus and nitrogen excretion, and lipid deposition of rainbow trout fingerlings. Diets with soy protein concentrate and soybean meal were prepared with 25, 50, and 75% substitution of fish oil with plant oils. Soy protein concentrate and soybean meal were used with fish oil at 100% in the control diet. Triplicate groups of 15 juveniles with an initial weight of 0.74 ± 0.05 g (mean ± standard error) were fed the experimental diets for 70 days. Growth performance, protein, and lipid digestibility, oxygen consumption, nitrogen, and phosphorus excretion, and lipid deposition (liver and muscle) were determined. The mixture of plant oils did not affect the growth performance of fingerlings. Apparent digestibility of lipids decreased as the fish oil in the diet decreased. A significant decrease of phosphorus excretion was observed as plant oils in the diets were increased. Lipid deposition was higher in liver unrelated to plant oil concentration in the diet. The results show that it is possible to use high quantities of plant ingredients in the diets without affecting the growth performance and lipid deposition, as well as significantly decreasing phosphorus excretion.Item Ontogeny of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Immunoglobulin Type M Antibody Response(2015) Kuendee, Natthaporn; Klaynongsruang, Sompong; Bunyatratchata, Wandee; Tengjaroenkul, Bundit; Ngamcharoen, Kittipoj; Daduang, Jureerut; Ungarreevittaya, Piti; Daduang, SakdaNile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Cichlidae) are cultured worldwide, however, the study of humoral immunity in these fish has been neglected, leading to mismanagement of prevention of common diseases by vaccination. In this study we purified and characterized the Nile tilapia immunoglobulin type M (IgM). In addition, we have described the production of a mouse polyclonal antibody for the investigation of the onset of antibody responses. After one-step purification using protein G sepharose beads, SDSPAGE, and mass fingerprint analysis we found that the heavy chain of Nile tilapia IgM was 70 kDa, whereas the light chain was 27 kDa. Western immunoblotting techniques using mouse anti-Nile tilapia IgM antibody, produced by intraperitoneal injection with purified Nile tilapia IgM for 3, periods with booster inoculations every 10 days, could effectively detect the onset of antibody responses in Nile tilapia sera at 42 days post-hatch.Item Characterization of Nitrifying Bacterial Community in a Mariculture Wastewater Treatment Using SBR System(2015) Che, J; Wang, L. L; Wang, X. T.; Yang, G. J; Yang, Y; Xu, W. P; Xu, Y. P.Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) have been used in the biological treatment of aquaculture wastewater. In this study, we investigated the microbial community of a SBR that used diatomite earth (20 g/L) as the sludge carrier material. Marine wastewater in which ammonia content was 42.08 to 55.88 mg/L was supplied to the SBR every 12 h over a treatment period of 65 days. During the first 20 days, the concentration of NH4-N decreased gradually, while nitrite (NO2-N) became the major nitrogen compound, reminiscent of the development of an ammonia-oxidizing process. Over the next 20 days, the concentration of NH4-N decreased further due to conversion to NO3-N. More than 99% of the NH4-N was converted to NO3-N over a period of 40-65 days. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) assay showed that bacteria of the genus Flavobacterium were present during the entire treatment period, while α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, and Sphingobacteriia started to accumulate after the first 20 days. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay identified Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas as the main bacteria involved in the conversion of NH4-N to NO3-N. Diatomite earth therefore acted as an efficient sludge carrier by shortening the settling time and facilitating bacterial colonization. This SBR was capable of rapid removal of NH4-N. This warrants further investigation at the pilot-scale in an actual mariculture farmItem Penaeus vannamei, white feces syndrome, Vibrio cholerae, pathogenicity, antibiotic susceptibility(2015) Cao, Haipeng; Wen, Lefu; He, Shan; Lu, Liqun; Yang, Xianle; Chen, BaiyaoWhiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei is an important commercial shrimp species cultivated in China and many other countries worldwide. Bacteriosis is a major economic problem that inhibits the farming of this species in fresh water. White feces syndrome is an emerging epidemic in freshwater cultured P. vannamei and has caused significant economic damage. Only scarce information is available on Vibrio cholerae as a possible causal agent for this disease. In this study, a virulent strain BB31 was isolated from diseased P. vannamei suffering from white feces syndrome, and identified as a V. cholerae isolate through phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic characteristics. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to examine the relationship of isolate BB31 to other V. cholerae isolates. Three genes encoding hemolysin, outer membrane protein, and cholera toxin transcriptional activator were present in the BB31 isolate confirming its potential pathogenicity. In addition, isolate BB31 is known to have developed resistance to penicillin, sulfonamides and cephalosporin antibiotics. This was demonstrated when screened against a range of common antibiotics for aquaculture and veterinary use. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of white feces syndrome caused by V. cholerae in freshwater farmed P. vannamei.Item Effect of Dietary Cornstarch Level on The Growth Performance of Japanese Seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) in Grow-Out Phase(2015) Zheng, Keke; Dou, Bingshuai; Xu, Houguo; Liang, MengqingA 10-week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary cornstarch levels on the growth performance, body composition, liver/muscle glycogen, and selected serum biomarkers, of Japanese seabass in grow-out phase. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing graded levels (0%, 6%, 12%, 18%, 24%, 30%) of cornstarch were fed to Japanese seabass (initial weight 343g). Weight gain (WG) significantly increased up to 18% with increasing dietary cornstarch, and then reached a plateau. There was no significant difference in WG between fish fed 18%, 24%, or 30% cornstarch (P>0.05). Based on WG, the optimal dietary cornstarch level of Japanese seabass estimated by second-order polynomial model was 27.0%. Body protein and lipid content as well as total cholesterol and triglycerides in serum showed similar trends, i.e. increasing at first and then reaching a plateau despite increasing levels of dietary cornstarch. Ash content decreased at first and then reached a plateau with increasing dietary cornstarch. Hepatosomatic index and liver glycogen significantly increased with increasing dietary cornstarch (P<0.05) while muscle glycogen, the condition factor was not influenced by dietary treatments. Serum glucose significantly increased with increasing dietary cornstarch and then decreased (P<0.05). Results of this study suggest the provision of adequate dietary cornstarch (>18%) could improve the growth performance of Japanese seabass and the optimal dietary cornstarch level is 27.0% during grow out phase.Item Recovery of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Diseased Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in China(2015) Luo, Zhang; Bai, Xiaohui; Xu, Yunxia; Zhang, Zhengguo; Hao, Shuang; Li, Nan; Feng, ShoumingAn epizootic was discovered in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in earthen ponds in Ninghe, Tianjin Province, northern China, from May to June 2013. The cumulative mortality was 30% within 25 days, and the diseased fish presented with hemorrhaging in the abdominal wall, ascites in the abdomen and pale liver. Strains named PA131207 and PA131208 were isolated from the moribund fish, and were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa according to both biochemical tests and phylogenetic analysis derived from the 16S rRNA gene. The pathogenicity of PA131207 was confirmed by infectivity experiments and histopathological examination. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that PA131207 was resistant to 9 of 15 antimicrobial agents tested.Item Triploidy Induction by Heat Shock in Mandarin Fish Siniperca chuatsi(2015) Xu, Peng; Zeng, Shuang; Wang, Pengfei; Tang, Qindong; Zeng, Lei; Zhou, Lei; Li, GuifengMandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, is an economically important fish due to its large size, fast growth, and delicious flesh. It is widely cultured in China. In this paper, triploidy in mandarin fish S. chuatsi was induced by heat shock. The most effective triploidy induction was achieved at 41°C, 8 min after fertilization for 2 min resulting in 40% triploid fish. There were no significant differences in the survival rates among the three treatment groups. Ploidy of fish was determined with a flow cytometer and chromosome counting. In conclusion, this paper presents optimal conditions for triploidy induction in mandarin fish with heat shock. The results will contribute to enhancement of its production in culture.Item Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Fermented Ginkgo Leaves on Innate Immunity, Antioxidant Capability, Lipid Metabolism, and Disease Resistance Against Aeromonas hydrophila Infection in Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)(2015) Cao, Fuliang; Lu, Yan; Zhang, Xuhui; Zhao, Linguo; Yang, Juxian; Qin, Xiaoshu; Liu, Wenbin; Yu, WanwenThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of Candida utilis and Aspergillus niger, combined with fermented Ginkgo biloba leaves (FGB) on immunity, antioxidant capability, lipid metabolism, and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish were fed basal diets supplemented with fermented Ginkgo biloba leaves FGB1(0.125%), FGB2(0.25%), FGB3(0.5%), FGB4(1.0%), or Control (0.00%) respectively. At the end of the 60-day feeding trial, fish were challenged by A. hydrophila and mortality rate was recorded for the next 7 days. Results showed that, compared with the control, serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of groups FGB1 and FGB2, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and lysozyme (LZM) activity of group FGB2 increased significantly (P<0.05), while malondialdehyde (MDA) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) contents of group FGB2, immunoglobulin M (IgM) activity of group FGB4 decreased significantly (P<0.05). Furthermore, Acid phosphatase (ACP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH) and triglyceride (TG) activities were not affected (P>0.05). After A. hydrophila challenge, the relative mortality of group FGB1 and FGB2 were significantly lower than the control (P<0.05), however the highest rate was in group FGB4. Results of this study indicate that dietary supplementation of 0.125%~0.25% fermented G. biloba leaves can significantly enhance immunity, antioxidant capability, and lipid metabolism of blunt snout bream, as well as improve its disease resistance.Item Oxygen Consumption and Lethal Dissolved Oxygen Level of Hybrids of Siniperca chuatsi♀ × S. scherzeri♂(2015) Sun, Jijia; He, ianguo; Li, Guifeng; Liu, Li; Hou, Xiaocui $Wang, PengfeiOxygen consumption rate (OCR) and lethal dissolved oxygen levels (DO) of the hybrids (225.3 ± 4.6 g) of Siniperca chuatsi ♀ × S. scherzeri ♂, were determined after acclimating the fish to 15, 20, 26 and 30°C for 20 days. The same parameters were measured for hybrids with different body weight (146.8 ± 6.3 g, 234.3 ± 8.4 g, 273.9 ± 3.3 g, 327 ± 5.1 g) at 26 °C. OCR increased significantly (P <0.05) with increasing acclimation temperature between 20-26°C, and decreased with increasing body weight. Final preferred temperature estimated from the Q10 was between 26-30°C. The lethal DO concentration for the hybrids at 30°C was significantly higher (P <0.05) than at other temperatures. OCR over the daily cycle under natural lighting conditions was also determined at 26°C. It showed a circadian rhythm with the lowest point at 0830 and peak rates at 1430. Results show that the hybrid has a higher stress tolerance and higher stocking density than the female parent S. chuatsi and indicate their culture potential in subtropical freshwater regions.Item Effect of Dietary Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides (GLP) on Cellular Immune Responses and Disease Resistance of Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)(2015) Bai, Dong-Qing; Xu, Hai-long; Wu, Xuan; Zhai, Sheng-li; Yang, Guang; Qiao, Xiu-Ting; Guo, Yong-junThis study investigated the effects of dietary Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides (GLP) on cellular immune responses and disease resistance in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). For 8 weeks, 540 yellow catfish were fed different levels of GLP. The treatments were: 0-control group, 300-T1, 600-T2, 900-T3, 1200-T4, 1500-T5 mg/kg, respectively. After the 8 week feeding trial, the respiratory burst activity of head kidney macrophages, proliferation of peripheral blood leukocytes, and phagocytic activity were assayed. Both the control and treated groups of fish were then challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of Aeromonas hydrophila, and cumulative mortality was recorded for 6 days post-infection. Results showed that there was a significant increase in oxygen respiratory burst activity of head kidney macrophages (p<0.01), along with significant increases in proliferation of peripheral blood leukocytes (p<0.01) in the fish fed dietary GLP. In addition, the 1200-T4and 1500-T5 mg/kg groups also displayed significant increases in nitrogen respiratory burst activity (p<0.01). These data indicated that GLP may reduce mortality following A. hydrophila infection. The lowest mortality was observed in the T5-treated groups. In conclusion, dietary GLP may effectively enhance cellular immune responses and disease resistance in yellow catfish against Aeromonas hydrophila.Item Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of Cyclin H from Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon)(2015) Zhao, Chao; Fu, Mingjun; Jiang, Shigui; Zhou, Falin; Qiu, LihuaCyclin H is an important cell protein that plays a crucial role in cell division. In the present study, the cDNA of cyclin H (designated as Pmcyclin H) was identified from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) by expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis, and RACE techniques. The full length cDNA of Pmcyclin H is 1280bp, including a 5’-terminal un-translated region (5’UTR) of 63 bp, a 3’UTR of 218 bp with a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 999 bp encoding a polypeptide of 332 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 39 kDa, predicted pI of 6.39. Both Blast, and phylogenetic analysis, confirmed that Pmcyclin H is a new member of the shrimp cyclin H family. Using real-time PCR the mRNA expression of Pmcyclin H in eight tissues was examined, and mRNA transcript of Pmcyclin H was predominantly detectable in ovarian tissue, and to a lesser degree in the tissues of intestine, testis, stomach, and heart, but almost undetectable in the tissues of liver (hepar), brain, and muscle. The temporal expression of Pmcyclin H in different developmental stages of the ovaries was investigated by real-time PCR. During the six stages of ovarian development, one peak expression of Pmcyclin H was detected in stage II. All these results indicated that Pmcyclin H might be involved in the regulation of cell cycle and ovarian development of P. monodon.Item Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, Metabolic and Digestive Enzymes Studies in Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) Juveniles Fed Graded Levels of Carbohydrate(2015) Aderolu, A.Z; Sahu, N.PA 45-day experiment was carried out to evaluate the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and gene expression in mrigal fish Cirrhinus mrigala, fed graded levels of carbohydrate. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing either 30, 40 or 50% carbohydrate were formulated using purified ingredients. One hundred and eight Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings (av. wt. 5.83-6.08g) were equally divided into three groups in 9 plastic tanks of 150L capacity each. Each of the three experimental diets was fed to triplicate groups of fish held under natural light cycle of 12h daylight and 12h darkness. % Weight Gain (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and hepato-somatic index (HSI) were evaluated and found to vary significantly (P<0.05) in relation to the level of carbohydrate in the experimental diets. No significant difference (P>0.05) was found in % weight gain, SGR, and FCR, between the 30% and 50% carbohydrate fed groups but HSI increased significantly across the inclusion levels. Amylase enzyme activity was highest in 40% fed group relative to the 30% and 50% groups. Chymotrypsin and trypsin activities were not significantly different between the 40% and 50% carbohydrate fed groups. Various metabolic enzyme activities in the muscle [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline amino transaminase (ALT) and malate dehydrogenase (DH)] varied significantly (P<0.05) in response to increased levels of carbohydrate. Gene expression among the digestive enzymes reflected both transitional and translation effect; amylase and trypsin exhibited higher expression with the increasing level of carbohydrate of the experimental diets but results were reversed for chymotrypsin expression. In our study, gene expression was initially significantly higher but then decreased. No consistent pattern was found among the different digestive enzymes.