Hawaiian Archaeology Volume 11

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    Up In Smoke: Assumptions of Survey Visibility and Site Identification
    ( 06/01/07 12:00 AM) Holm, Lisa ; Kirch, Patrick V.
    Pedestrian surface survey, or the discovery and documentation of visibly detectable prehistoric and historic remains in the modern landscape, has been a critical part of archaeological field research for more than half a century. Despite increasingly accessible technologies such as satellite imaging, aerial photography, and geophysical testing, surface survey remains the primary means through which archaeologists obtain regional-scale data; it is widely employed both as a precursor to subsurface investigation and as an end in itself. Its ubiquity may in part be explained by the fact that: 1) it is both non-invasive and non-destructive, and therefore more in tune with the concerns of many native and local stakeholders; 2) it is less costly and time consuming than excavation, particularly when issues of material analyses, curation, and archiving are taken into consideration; and 3) it can provide a broad regional perspective on past human activities within either a culturally meaningful or arbitrarily defined area. State and Federal mandates, which dictate that potential impacts to cultural resources be investigated in advance of land modification, further ensure the continued pervasiveness of pedestrian surface survey, as its presumed reliability and cost-effectiveness make it a mainstay among cultural resource management agencies.
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    Review of: Archaeology ofOceania: Australia and The Pacific Islands. Lilley, Ian (editor). 2006. Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology
    ( 06/01/07 12:00 AM) Carson, Mike T.
    Book Review Lilley, Ian (editor). 2006. Archaeology of Oceania: Australia and the Pacific Islands. Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
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    Rights, Rites, and Riots: Values of Resources and Research in Hawaiian Archaeology
    ( 06/01/07 12:00 AM) Carson, Mike T.
    As in many regions, Hawaiian archaeological resources are becoming increasingly recognized as valuable by a variety of stake-holders, yet the perceived value of archaeological research is somehow out-ranked by other potential values of the same resources. Artifacts, sites, and other resources are accepted as important for cultural meaning, general appreciation, and responsible management. Potential scientific value is generally recognized, but it is not always understood to be significant. Meanwhile, the practice of archaeology is viewed as a costly nuisance, an unwanted intrusion into the past, and a self-serving trivial hobby. Clearly, archaeologists need to improve the perceived value of their research as a significant and desirable contribution.
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    An Analysis of Ground-Penetrating Radar's Ability to Discover and Map Buried Archaeological Sites in Hawai'i
    ( 06/01/07 12:00 AM) Connell, Samuel ; Conyers, Lawrence B.
    The near-surface geophysical method called ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has to date seen limited use in Hawai'i for the discovery and mapping of buried archaeological sites. Its success in other areas of the world with similar ground conditions to Hawai'i, however, suggests that it could be utilized more extensively in the islands. Working with the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command's Central Identification Laboratory QPAC-CIL) to examine the effectiveness of GPR in Hawai'i, we studied the method's resolution and depth of investigation at a number of test sites on the islands of O'ahu and Hawai'i. The various sites had different ground conditions where varying environmental and moisture regimes and bedrock types affected the method's efficacy. The goal was to compare and contrast depth ofGPR energy penetration and buried feature resolution in these various areas as a way to evaluate its potential effectiveness throughout the island chain. In this process, windward and leeward tests were made in both weathered and fresh basalt, deep clay soils, as well as coral bedrock and unconsolidated coral sand. The results of those tests, as well as an analysis of the ground conditions encountered, as they pertain to the effectiveness of GPR, are discussed here as a first step in building predictive models for the method's usefulness throughout Hawai'i.
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    Barcoding Fish: Prospects for a Standardized DNA-Based Method of Species-level Identification for Archaeological Fish Remains
    ( 06/01/07 12:00 AM) Barnes, Shawn S.
    The Universal Product Codes (UPC) or barcodes found on a wide range of purchase items are put there for the quick identification of each individual item brought to the register. The barcodes are printed and scanned in the same format, and a unique barcode exists for each specific type of product. For example, all cans of Diet Coke will have the same barcode, but a can of Cherry Coke or of Pepsi will have a different code. This system allows the rapid identification of each product (and thus, the pre-programmed price and inventory/sales records) by simply scanning an item over a laser without having so much as to look at it.
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    Interpreting Activities in North Halawa Valley, O'ahu: Adze Recycling and Resharpening
    ( 06/01/07 12:00 AM) Olszewski, Deborah I.
    Basalt flaked lithic artifacts are one of the main categories of cultural materials recovered from pre-Contact Hawaiian sites.l They are found in a variety of contexts, ranging from habitations to quarry sites, and most often are in the form of relatively undistinguished flakes. High-quality (fine-grained) basalt, however, was used to manufacture tools, particularly adzes. These were fashioned by flaking a preform from a basalt nodule or large basalt flake. Subsequently such preforms were finished more finely through additional flaking, and, in the final stages of preparation, were ground to produce polished adzes. The sequential process of adze manufacture has been amply demonstrated through studies of Hawaiian quarry sites, most notably Mauna Kea, and through knapping debris from secondary sites away from quarries, as well as habitation sites (e.g., Bayman and Moniz-Nakamura 2001; Cleghorn 1982, 1986; McCoy 1990; Weisler 1990).
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    Indigenous Hawaiian Fishing Practices in Kahikinui, Maui: A Zooarchaeological Approach
    ( 06/01/07 12:00 AM) Jones, Sharyn ; Kirch, Patrick V.
    Hawai'i's rich archaeological and ethnographic records provide an opportunity to investigate the lifestyles and foodways of the people of all social ranks and genders, (including elites, priests, non-elites, women, and men) in this highly stratified society. Throughout the islands, indigenous Hawaiian foodways depended heavily on marine harvests, including fish, shellfish, and seaweeds. The sea provided the primary protein-contributing elements of the diet across social classes. However, marine foods may have been especially important to non-elites who had less access to domestic animals such as pigs and dogs for fat and protein (Kirch and O'Day 2003; Titcomb 1972). Ethnohistorically, Hawaiian marine resource exploitation strategies were recorded in some detail (Buck 1957; Handy et al. 1991; Titcomb 1972 [1952], 1978; Valeri 1985). Titcomb (1972:1) argued: "The sea was a great reservoir of food for Hawaiians
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    A Hypothesis Regarding the Absence of the Pecking Technique in Hawaiian Adze Making
    ( 06/01/07 12:00 AM) Bollt, Robert ; Ferraro, Eric ; Porter, Jarib
    The absence of the pecking technique in adze manufacture in Hawai'i is a curious anomaly in East Polynesia. By the late 18th century, pecking was used to some degree in adze making almost throughout East Polynesia, but in Hawai'i it was completely absent. Different models have been suggested to account for the distribution of the pecking technique in Polynesia, but the issue remains unresolved. Although not employed in Hawaiian adze manufacture, the technology of pecking was known there, as it was throughout Polynesia, for the manufacture of artifacts such as sinkers, food (poi) pounders (in East Polynesia) and 'ulu maika gaming stones (specific to Hawai'i). It was not an innovative technology that somehow never reached Hawai'i, but rather a manufacturing method deliberately not applied to Hawaiian adzes.
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    Adze Production in Maui: Analysis of Lithic Materials from the West Rim of Haleakala
    ( 06/01/07 12:00 AM) Mintmier, Melanie
    Unlike some Hawaiian stone adze production sites (e.g., Mauna Kea, Hawai'i Island), detailed studies of adze manufacture at Haleakala have never been conducted. Although not yet fully documented, a basalt quarry (Site 251 0) exists between 2712 and 2804 m elevation (8900 to 9200 ft) along the inner west rim of the crater (Cleghorn et al. 1985; Somers 1988). Additionally, recent archaeological investigations (Carson and Mintmier 2006a) along the outer west rim have yielded evidence of adze manufacturing at several sites. Using lithic material from three of these sites, the analysis reported here serves as the first attempt to illuminate basalt adze production at Haleakala, Maui.
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    Front Matter, Table of Contents, and Back Matter
    ( 06/01/07 12:00 AM)
    Front Matter, Table of Contents, and Back Matter